scholarly journals Testing the transdiagnostic hypothesis of inhibitory control deficits in addictions: An experimental study on gambling disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-346
Author(s):  
Barbara Penolazzi ◽  
Fabio Del Missier ◽  
Davide Francesco Stramaccia ◽  
Anna Laura Monego ◽  
Luigi Castelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Gambling Disorder ◽  
Retrieval Practice ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Motor Inhibition ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Memory Inhibition ◽  
Inhibitory Components ◽  
Induced Forgetting ◽  
Substance Related Disorders

AbstractBackground and aimsMany psychopathologies, including addictions, are characterized by inhibitory control deficits. In this regard, recent studies on substance-related disorders (SRD) have shown an impairment in the ability to inhibit potentially interfering memories, despite preserved motor inhibition. To investigate whether the same dissociation could also characterize gambling disorder (GD) in a transdiagnostic perspective, we tested both cognitive and motor inhibitory processes through dedicated tasks, for the first time in this behavioral addiction.Methods30 outpatients with GD and 30 healthy controls performed a go/no-go task addressing the integrity of motor inhibition, and the Retrieval Practice Paradigm, a task addressing the integrity of memory inhibition as indexed by the Retrieval-Induced Forgetting (RIF) effect. Self-report questionnaires assessing impulsivity were also administered.ResultsWhereas RIF was similar across the two groups, patients showed more commission errors in the go/no-go task, and higher self-rated scores of impulsivity than controls.DiscussionThe present findings suggest preserved memory inhibition and impaired motor response inhibition in GD, a pattern of inhibitory deficits opposite to that previously reported for SRD. Therefore, although both GD and SRD are characterized by altered inhibitory processing, a more fine-grained analysis revealed a specific inhibitory profile indicating vulnerability in different inhibitory components.ConclusionThe present study highlights the need to investigate the multifaceted construct of inhibition more thoroughly, using performance measures able to assess its various components. This approach would enable to both better characterize different psychopathologies and orient their treatment.

No Retrieval-Induced Forgetting Under Stress

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1356-1363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Koessler ◽  
Harald Engler ◽  
Carsten Riether ◽  
Johanna Kissler
Keyword(s):  
Retrieval Practice ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hormone Release ◽  
Final Recall ◽  
Stress Group ◽  
Memory Inhibition ◽  
Effects Of Stress ◽  
Induced Forgetting

Stress affects memory, yet no study has investigated the effects of stress on memory inhibition: Remembering not only facilitates later recall, but also inhibits retrieval of related material, a phenomenon known as retrieval-induced forgetting. We investigated the effects of stress on this mechanism, which is thought to adaptively guide memory selection. Participants learned categorized lists and were then exposed to either a psychosocial laboratory stressor or a cognitively challenging control treatment. They then actively retrieved parts of the previously learned material. Finally, memory for all initially learned items was tested. In the stress group, unlike in the control group, intervening retrieval practice did not impair final recall. Moreover, salivary Cortisol levels increased and psychological well-being decreased in the stress group only. Thus, psychosocial stress abolishes retrieval-induced forgetting. This effect may result from stress-induced hormone release from the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and may have implications for educational, legal, and clinical issues.

scholarly journals On the Role of Inhibition in Suppression-Induced Forgetting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin van Schie ◽  
Jonathan Fawcett ◽  
Michael Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Unusual Feature ◽  
Button Press ◽  
Confounding Factors ◽  
Interference Effects ◽  
Output Interference ◽  
Memory Inhibition ◽  
Induced Forgetting ◽  
Surprising Finding

Suppressing retrieval of unwanted memories can cause forgetting, an outcome often attributed to the recruitment of inhibitory control. This suppression-induced forgetting (SIF) generalizes to different cues used to test the suppressed content (cue-independence), a property taken as consistent with inhibition. But does cue-independent forgetting necessarily imply that a memory has been inhibited? Tomlinson et al. (2009) reported a surprising finding that pressing a button also led to cue-independent forgetting, which was taken as support for an alternative interference account. Here we investigated the role of inhibition in forgetting due to retrieval suppression and pressing buttons. We modified Tomlinson et al.’s procedure to examine an unusual feature they introduced that may have caused memory inhibition effects in their experiment: the omission of explicit task-cues. When tasks were uncued, we replicated the button-press forgetting effect; but when cued, pressing buttons caused no forgetting. Moreover, button-press forgetting partially reflects output-interference effects at test and not a lasting effect of interference. In contrast, SIF occurred regardless of these procedural changes. Collectively, these findings indicate that simply pressing a button does not induce forgetting, on its own, without confounding factors that introduce inhibition into the task and that inhibition likely underlies SIF.

Medial Prefrontal Theta Oscillations Track the Time Course of Interference during Selective Memory Retrieval

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 777-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catarina S. Ferreira ◽  
Alejandra Marful ◽  
Tobias Staudigl ◽  
Teresa Bajo ◽  
Simon Hanslmayr
Keyword(s):  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Retrieval Practice ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Theta Oscillations ◽  
Theta Power ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Retrieval Condition ◽  
Induced Forgetting ◽  
Noncompetitive Condition

Memory retrieval is often challenged by other irrelevant competing memories that cause interference. This phenomenon is typically studied with the retrieval practice paradigm in which a category cue (e.g., Fruits) is presented together with an item-specific cue (e.g., Or::). Presentation of the category cue usually induces interference by reactivating competing memories (e.g., Banana, Apple, etc.), which is thought to be solved by means of inhibition, leading to retrieval-induced forgetting of these competing memories. Previous studies associated interference with an increase in medial prefrontal theta band (4–8 Hz) oscillations, but these studies could not disentangle the interference from the inhibition processes. We here used a retrieval practice procedure in which the category cue was presented before the item-specific cue to disentangle the interference from the inhibition signal. Furthermore, a competitive retrieval condition was contrasted with a noncompetitive condition. At a behavioral level, retrieval-induced forgetting was found in the competitive but not in the noncompetitive condition. At a neural level, presentation of the category cue elicited higher levels of theta power in the competitive condition, when compared with the noncompetitive retrieval condition. Importantly, this difference was localized to the ACC, which has been associated with the detection and mediation of interference. Additionally, theta power decreased upon presentation of the item-specific cue, and this difference was related to later forgetting. Our results therefore disentangle, for the first time, interference and inhibition in episodic memory retrieval and suggest that theta oscillations track the fine-grained temporal dynamics of interference during competitive memory retrieval.

Inhibitory Control of Adjacent Finger Movements while Performing a Modified Version of the Halstead Finger Tapping Test: Effects of Age, Education and Sex

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
George P. Prigatano ◽  
Sandro Barbosa de Oliveira ◽  
Carlos Wellington Passos Goncalves ◽  
Sheila Marques Denucci ◽  
Roberta Monteiro Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
College Education ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Finger Tapping ◽  
Dominant Hand ◽  
Motor Inhibition ◽  
Finger Movements ◽  
Diagnostic Significance ◽  
Finger Tapping Test ◽  
Study Participants

Abstract Objective: Selective motor inhibition is known to decline with age. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of failures at inhibitory control of adjacent finger movements while performing a repetitive finger tapping task in young, middle-aged and older adults. Potential education and sex effects were also evaluated. Methods: Kinematic recordings of adjacent finger movements were obtained on 107 healthy adults (ages 20–80) while they performed a modified version of the Halstead Finger Tapping Test (HTFF). Study participants were instructed to inhibit all finger movements while tapping with the index finger. Results: Inability to inhibit adjacent finger movements while performing the task was infrequent in young adults (2.9% of individuals between 20 and 39 years of age) but increased with age (23.3% between the ages of 40 and 59; 31.0% between ages 60 and 80). Females and males did not differ in their inability to inhibit adjacent finger movements, but individuals with a college education showed a lower frequency of failure to inhibit adjacent finger movements (10.3%) compared to those with a high school education (28.6%). These findings were statistically significant only for the dominant hand. Conclusion: Selective motor inhibition failures are most common in the dominant hand and occur primarily in older healthy adults while performing the modified version of the HFTT. Monitoring selective motor inhibition failures may have diagnostic significance.

scholarly journals A Dual-Pathway Perspective on Food Choices in Adolescents: The Role of Loss of Control Over Eating

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Van Malderen ◽  
Eva Kemps ◽  
Laurence Claes ◽  
Sandra Verbeken ◽  
Lien Goossens
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Food Choice ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Unhealthy Food ◽  
Loss Of Control ◽  
Dual Pathway ◽  
Joint Contribution

IntroductionOne in three adolescents frequently consume unhealthy snacks, which is associated with negative developmental outcomes. To date, it remains unclear how intrapersonal factors account for food choices in adolescents. Guided by the dual-pathway model, the current study aimed to: (1) examine the joint contribution of inhibitory control and attentional bias in predicting unhealthy food choices in adolescents, and (2) determine whether this mechanism is more pronounced in adolescents who experience loss of control over eating (LOC).Materials and MethodsA community sample of 80 adolescents (65% female; 10–17 years old, Mage = 13.28, SD = 1.94) was recruited. Based on a self-report questionnaire, 28.7% of this sample reported at least one episode of LOC over the past month. Food choice was assessed using a computerized food choice task. Both inhibitory control and attentional bias were measured with behavioral tasks (go/no-go and dot probe task, respectively). Binary logistic regressions were conducted to address the research questions.ResultsInhibitory control and attentional bias did not significantly interact to predict unhealthy food choices. However, there was a significant three-way interaction between inhibitory control, attentional bias and LOC. For adolescents without LOC, the combination of poor inhibitory control and low attentional bias was significantly associated with unhealthy food choice. Surprisingly, for adolescents with LOC, there was no significant association between unhealthy food choice and inhibitory control or attentional bias.DiscussionDual-pathway processes do not seem to add to the explanation of food choice behavior for adolescents with LOC. For adolescents who do not experience LOC, those with poor inhibitory control combined with low attentional bias might be at particular risk for making unhealthy food choices.

scholarly journals Psychometric Evaluation of the NORC Diagnostic Screen for Gambling Problems (NODS) for the Assessment of DSM-5 Gambling Disorder

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brad W. Brazeau ◽  
David C. Hodgins
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Gambling Disorder ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Gambling Problem ◽  
Gambling Problems ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Diagnostic Threshold ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Problem Severity

Abstract The National Opinion Research Center (NORC) Diagnostic Screen for Gambling Problems (NODS) is one of the most used outcome measures in gambling intervention trials. However, a screen based on DSM-5 gambling disorder criteria has yet to be developed or validated since the DSM-5 release in 2013. This omission is possibly because the criteria for gambling disorder only underwent minor changes from DSM-IV to DSM-5: the diagnostic threshold was reduced from 5 to 4 criteria, and the illegal activity criterion was removed. Validation of a measure that captures these changes is still warranted. The current study examined the psychometric properties of an online self-report past-year adaptation of the NODS based on DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for gambling disorder. Additionally, the new NODS was evaluated for how well it identifies ICD-10 pathological gambling. A diverse sample of participants (N = 959) was crowdsourced via Amazon’s TurkPrime. Internal consistency and one-week test-retest reliability were good. High correlations (r = .74–.77) with other measures of gambling problem severity were observed in addition to moderate correlations (r = .21–.36) with related but distinct constructs (e.g., gambling expenditures, time spent gambling, other addictive behaviours). All nine of the DSM-5 criteria loaded positively on one principal component, which accounted for 40% of the variance. Classification accuracy (i.e., sensitivity, specificity, predictive power) was generally very good with respect to the PGSI and ICD-10 diagnostic criteria. Future validation studies are encouraged to establish a gold standard measurement of gambling problem severity.

A transcultural study of hoarding disorder: Insights from the United Kingdom, Spain, Japan, and Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley E. Nordsletten ◽  
Lorena Fernández de la Cruz ◽  
Elena Aluco ◽  
Pino Alonso ◽  
Clara López-Solà ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Hoarding Disorder ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Patient Demographics ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Impact

Though problematic hoarding is believed to be a universal human behavior, investigations of clinically-defined hoarding disorder (HD) have been confined almost exclusively to Western countries. The current investigation sought to describe and directly compare the features of individuals meeting diagnostic criteria for HD across four distinct cultural settings. Participants were 82 individuals meeting DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for HD, recruited and assessed by trained clinicians at one of four project sites: London, Barcelona, Fukuoka, and Rio de Janeiro. A series of semi-structured interviews and self-report scales were administered, including assessments of socio-demographic characteristics, psychiatric comorbidity, and severity of hoarding and related features. Results indicate that the severity and core features of HD, as well as the cognitions and behaviors commonly associated with this condition, are largely stable across cultures. However, some differences in patient demographics—in particular age, marital status, and clinical expression—as well as comorbid psychiatric features also emerged. These findings confirm that HD, as defined in DSM-5, exists and presents with similar phenomenology across the studied cultures. Future, more fine-grained, research will be needed to study the features of the disorder in additional cultures (e.g., non-industrialized nations) and to evaluate the impact of these cultural aspects on the design of interventions for the disorder.

Reasoning

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison G. Harvey ◽  
Edward Watkins ◽  
Warren Mansell ◽  
Roz Shafran
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Somatoform Disorders ◽  
Psychological Disorders ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Illusory Correlation ◽  
Ambiguous Stimuli ◽  
Substance Related Disorders

Chapter 4 discusses reasoning. This includes the interpretation of ambiguous stimuli, self-report paradigms, cognitive-experimental paradigms, attributions, expectancies and heuristics, covariation and illusory correlation, and the evidence for the presence of these reasoning processes across psychological disorders (anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, eating disorders, mood disorders, psychotic disorders, and substance-related disorders).

scholarly journals Exercise and Retrieval-Induced Forgetting

Psych ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 405-411
Author(s):  
Justin Cantrelle ◽  
Paul Loprinzi
Keyword(s):  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Retrieval Practice ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Parallel Group ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Induced Forgetting ◽  
Experimental Group

Retrieving a subset of items from memory can cause forgetting of other related items in memory, referred to as retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF). This type of forgetting (RIF) is thought to be related to working memory and executive control processes, of which are known to be influenced by acute exercise. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether acute exercise could accentuate RIF. A two-arm, parallel-group randomized controlled intervention was employed. Participants (N = 40) were randomized into one of two groups, including an experimental group (15-min of moderate-intensity exercise) and a control group (time-matched seated task). Retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) and retrieval practice (RP) were assessed from a category-exemplar memory task. There was no significant main effect for RIF and no group by RIF interaction, suggesting that acute exercise did not alter RIF more than the control group. There was a significant main effect for RP, but there was no group by RP interaction. These RP findings align with the RIF findings, indicating that acute exercise did not alter RP more so than the control group. In conclusion, our experimental results do not provide support for an association of acute exercise on retrieval-induced forgetting or retrieval practice.

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