Geographical and Gender Differences in Labor Force Participation: Is there an Appalachian Effect?

Zusammenfassung Frauen leisten nach wie vor mehr private Sorgearbeit als Männer, obwohl ihre Erwerbsbeteiligung in den letzten Jahren deutlich gestiegen ist. In diesem Beitrag untersuchen wir auf Basis des Deutschen Alterssurveys 1996 bis 2017 im Längsschnitt, ob das stärkere Engagement von Frauen in der Übernahme unbezahlter Unterstützung und Pflege für gesundheitlich eingeschränkte Angehörige darauf zurückgeht, dass sie im Vergleich zu Männern nach wie vor seltener, mit geringerem Stundenumfang sowie geringerer beruflicher Qualifikation am Arbeitsmarkt beteiligt sind. Diese Hypothese wird nicht bestätigt, denn bestehende Geschlechterunterschiede in Pflege und Unterstützung können allenfalls partiell durch die geschlechtsspezifische Arbeitsmarktbeteiligung aufgeklärt werden. Abstract: Does Women’s Lower Labor Force Participation Explain their Higher Engagement in Private Care Work? A Contribution to the Debate about Gender Equality Women do still provide more private care work than men, although their participation in employment has increased in the last decades. Using longitudinal data of the German Ageing Survey 1996 to 2017, in this paper, we study, whether women’s greater engagement in unpaid social support and care giving can be attributed to the fact that women compared to men are still less economically active and have a lower occupational qualification. This hypothesis, however, cannot be confirmed, as the gender differences in the private unpaid care work can be explained by gender differences in the labor force participation only to a small amount.

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Development and Gender-Linked Economic Inequality in the Era of Globalization

Sociology of Development ◽

10.1525/sod.2018.4.3.304 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 304-324

Author(s):

Moshe Semyonov

Keyword(s):

Labor Force ◽

Labor Force Participation ◽

Occupational Segregation ◽

High Status ◽

Gender Pay Gap ◽

Women's Labor ◽

Market Outcomes ◽

Pay Gap ◽

And Gender ◽

Women's Labor Force Participation

This paper focuses on the relations between development and gender disparities in labor market outcomes in the era of globalization. Within a cross-national comparative framework, the article examines the relations between development and globalization and three aspects of gender-linked disparities (women's labor force participation, gender occupational differentiation, and gender pay gap) at two time points: 1990 and 2015. The data reveal patterns in the relationship between development, globalization, and each dimension of gender inequality. First, development but not globalization tends to increase women's labor force participation. Second, development is likely to reduce gender occupational segregation. But the effect is indirect; it is transmitted via the increased number of economically active women. Third, less gender occupational segregation does not necessarily mean greater occupational equality; high female labor force participation is likely to reduce women's likelihood of employment in high-status professional and managerial occupations. Fourth, gender occupational inequality appears to be one of the sources of a country's gender pay gap; the pay disparity between men and women tends to be greater in countries where gender occupational inequality is high. A model that summarizes the complex relations among development, globalization, and the various dimensions of gender-linked economic activity and inequality is proposed and discussed.

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Women in the Labor Force

Staff Discussion Notes ◽

10.5089/9781513529134.006 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (03) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anna Fruttero ◽

Daniel Gurara ◽

Lisa Kolovich ◽

Vivian Malta ◽

Marina Mendes Tavares ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Labor Force ◽

Gender Equality ◽

Labor Force Participation ◽

Participation Rate ◽

Female Labor Force Participation ◽

Access To Education ◽

Economic Activities ◽

Female Labor ◽

Development Goals ◽

And Gender

Despite the increase in female labor force participation over the past three decades, women still do not have the same opportunities as men to participate in economic activities in most countries. The average female labor force participation rate across countries is still 20 percentage points lower than the male rate, and gender gaps in wages and access to education persist. As shown by earlier work, including by the IMF, greater gender equality boosts economic growth and leads to better development and social outcomes. Gender equality is also one of the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals that 193 countries committed to achieve by 2030.

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Mothers, Peers, and Gender-Role Identity

Journal of the European Economic Association ◽

10.1093/jeea/jvy050 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 266-301 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Claudia Olivetti ◽

Eleonora Patacchini ◽

Yves Zenou

Keyword(s):

Labor Force ◽

Labor Force Participation ◽

Role Identity ◽

Work Behavior ◽

Women's Labor ◽

Gender Role Identity ◽

Family Responsibilities ◽

And Gender ◽

Women's Labor Force Participation ◽

Over Time

Abstract We study whether a woman’s labor supply as a young adult is shaped by the work behavior of her adolescent peers’ mothers. Using detailed information on a sample of U.S. teenagers who are followed over time, we find that labor force participation of high school peers’ mothers affects adult women’s labor force participation, above and beyond the effect of their own mothers. The analysis suggests that women who were exposed to a larger number of working mothers during adolescence are less likely to feel that work interferes with family responsibilities. This perception, in turn, is important for whether they work when they have children.

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Labor Force Participation of Immigrant Women in the Netherlands: Do Traditional Partners Hold Them Back?

International Migration Review ◽

10.1111/imre.12228 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 506-541 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Yassine Khoudja ◽

Fenella Fleischmann

Keyword(s):

Labor Market ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Gender Role ◽

Labor Force ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Labor Force Participation ◽

Gender Role Attitudes ◽

Control Group ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

And Gender

Female labor force participation (FLFP) rates often vary across ethnic groups. This study examined the role of the partner's labor market resources and gender role attitudes for FLFP in different ethnic groups. Cross-sectional data of women in partnerships from the four biggest immigrant groups in the Netherlands and from a native Dutch control group were analyzed. Traditional gender role attitudes of partners were negatively related to FLFP and partly explained ethnic differences therein. Moreover, across all groups, the relation between partners’ labor market resources and FLFP was more negative for traditional women and rather absent for egalitarian women.

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Islamism and gender relations in the Muslim world as reflected in recent World Values Survey data

Society and Economy ◽

10.1556/204.2016.38.4.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 427-453 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Arno Tausch ◽

Almas Heshmati

Keyword(s):

Labor Force ◽

Survey Data ◽

Labor Force Participation ◽

Labor Economics ◽

Gender Ideology ◽

Female Labor Force Participation ◽

World Values Survey ◽

Female Labor ◽

Religious Factor ◽

And Gender

Ever since Goldin (1995) proposed the idea that there is a U-shaped female labor force participation rate function in economic development, empirical research is stunned by the question why the countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) are characterized by such low rates of female labor force participation. This gap in labor economics research is all the more perplexing since gender equality, particularly in education and employment, significantly contributes to economic growth. The research strategy of this paper is within a relatively new tradition in labor market research, initiated by Besamusca et al. (2015), which does not exclude the “religious factor” and what the authors call “gender ideology”. Our analysis of the “gender ideology” of Islamism and gender values is based on an empirical analysis of World Values Survey data. In recent economic theory, Carvalho (2013) maintained that Muslim veiling is a strategy for integration, enabling women to take up outside economic opportunities while preserving their reputation within the community. The empirical data clearly support a pessimistic view. We show that Muslim Feminism, which according to our analysis implies the rejection of Islamism and the veil, and the democracy movement in the Muslim world, are closely interrelated. Thus, it is imperative that Western Feminism develops solidarity with Muslim Feminism, and that labor economics stop excluding the religious factor from the analytical frameworks explaining low female labor force participation rates.

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The Labor Force Participation Rate: An Examination Of The Determinants Of Its Recent Precipitous Decline

Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) ◽

10.19030/jabr.v29i6.8223 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 29 (6) ◽

pp. 1873

Author(s):

Patrick J. Litzinger ◽

John H. Dunn, Jr.

Keyword(s):

Labor Force ◽

Labor Force Participation ◽

Participation Rate ◽

Safety Net ◽

Labor Force Participation Rate ◽

Educational Institutions ◽

Ageing Society ◽

Precipitous Decline ◽

And Gender ◽

The U.S

The Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR) is defined as those Americans in the labor force, i.e. above the age of sixteen, below retirement age, who are either actively employed or actively seeking employment. From 1950 until 1998 it rose from 59.2% to 67.2%. Given the near doubling of the U.S. population, its impact on our economy was enormous. However, since 1998 the LFPR has declined steadily to 63.3%. Parallel to this decline, we have seen a polarization of both wealth and income in the U.S. Many economists have examined both trends the decline of LFPR and inequality and have put forth a variety of determinants. These include technology and globalization a decline or hollowing out of the middle class, if you will. Also included are the demographics of an ageing society, and the increased racial and gender participation, but also a workforce that has become only marginally prepared by todays educational institutions. Another class of determinants is the welfare safety net at both the Federal and state levels, including extended unemployment benefits, disability payments and other subsidies. The authors examine each class of determinants, including whether their aspects are cyclical, structural or even part of an ominous trend for our economy.

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