Flow rates of large animal fluid delivery systems used for high-volume crystalloid resuscitation

The reforming of methanol can be an alternative source of hydrogen for fuel cells because it has many practical advantages over hydrogen, mainly due to the technological limitations related to the storage, supply, and distribution of the latter. However, despite the ease of methanol handling, impurities in the reformate gas produced from methanol steam reforming can affect the performance and durability of fuel cells. In this paper different vapor delivery systems, intended to assist in the study of the effects of some of the impurities, are described and compared with each other. A system based on a pump and electrically heated evaporator was found to be more suitable for the typical flow rates involved in the anode feed of an H3PO4/PBI based HT-PEMFC unit cell assembly. Test stations composed of vapor delivery systems and mass flow controllers for testing the effects of methanol slip, water vapor, CO, and CO2 are also illustrated.

Download Full-text

Bioretention cell efficacy in cold climates: Part 1 — hydrologic performance

Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering ◽

10.1139/l2012-110 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 39 (11) ◽

pp. 1210-1221 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

U.T. Khan ◽

C. Valeo ◽

A. Chu ◽

B. van Duin

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Peak Flow ◽

Low Impact Development ◽

High Volume ◽

Simulation Experiments ◽

Flow Rates ◽

Development Technology ◽

Cold Condition ◽

Urban Stormwater Runoff

Bioretention cells are an emerging low impact development technology that address urban stormwater runoff concerns. Field and column experiments were conducted to assess the efficacy of bioretention cells in cold conditions. Field experiments in a prairie environment demonstrated a significant decrease (91.5%) in effluent volumes compared to influent volumes. The majority (∼60%) of the runoff percolated to the surrounding soils or evapotranspirated. Cold condition performance significantly impacted high volume events and was characterized by significantly higher effluent volumes, significantly lower runoff storage, higher effluent peak flow rates, and longer peak delays. A partially frozen surface layer caused the changes in performance. Long-term simulation experiments on the columns indicated a significant decrease in saturated hydraulic conductivity over the first 4 equivalent years of operation, before levelling to a constant value.

Download Full-text

Parameters of biliary hydrodynamic injection during endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography in pigs for applications in gene delivery

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0249931 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. e0249931

Author(s):

Yuting Huang ◽

Robert L. Kruse ◽

Hui Ding ◽

Mohamad I. Itani ◽

Jonathan Morrison ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Delivery ◽

Vital Signs ◽

Biliary Tree ◽

Large Animal ◽

Endoscopic Retrograde ◽

Flow Rates ◽

Hydrodynamic Injection ◽

Large Animal Models ◽

Injection Parameters ◽

Tree Injury

The biliary system is routinely accessed for clinical purposes via endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). We previously pioneered ERCP-mediated hydrodynamic injection in large animal models as an innovative gene delivery approach for monogenic liver diseases. However, the procedure poses potential safety concerns related mainly to liver or biliary tree injury. Here, we sought to further define biliary hydrodynamic injection parameters that are well-tolerated in a human-sized animal model. ERCP was performed in pigs, and hydrodynamic injection carried out using a novel protocol to reduce duct wall stress. Each pig was subjected to multiple repeated injections to expedite testing and judge tolerability. Different injection parameters (volume, flow rate) and injection port diameters were tested. Vital signs were monitored throughout the procedure, and liver enzyme panels were collected pre- and post-procedure. Pigs tolerated repeated biliary hydrodynamic injections with only occasional, mild, isolated elevation in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), which returned to normal levels within one day post-injection. All other liver tests remained unchanged. No upper limit of volume tolerance was reached, which suggests the biliary tree can readily transmit fluid into the vascular space. Flow rates up to 10 mL/sec were also tolerated with minimal disturbance to vital signs and no anatomic rupture of bile ducts. Measured intrabiliary pressure was up to 150 mmHg, and fluid-filled vesicles were induced in liver histology at high flow rates, mimicking the changes in histology observed in mouse liver after hydrodynamic tail vein injection. Overall, our investigations in a human-sized pig liver using standard clinical equipment suggest that ERCP-guided hydrodynamic injection will be safely tolerated in patients. Future investigations will interrogate if higher flow rates and pressure mediate higher DNA delivery efficiencies.

Download Full-text

Nominal Operating Envelope of Pod and Pen Style Electronic Cigarettes

Frontiers in Public Health ◽

10.3389/fpubh.2021.705099 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Edward C. Hensel ◽

Nathan C. Eddingsaas ◽

Qutaiba M. Saleh ◽

Shehan Jayasekera ◽

S. Emma Sarles ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Design Of Experiments ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Flow Condition ◽

Electronic Cigarettes ◽

New Products ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Flow Rates ◽

Heating Coil ◽

Aerosol Generation ◽

Testing Protocols

Many Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) employ integrated sensors to detect user puffing behavior and activate the heating coil to initiate aerosol generation. The minimum puff flow rate and duration at which the ENDS device begins to generate aerosol are important parameters in quantifying the viable operating envelope of the device and are essential to formulating a design of experiments for comprehensive emissions characterization. An accurate and unbiased method for quantifying the flow condition operating envelope of ENDS is needed to quantify product characteristics across research laboratories. This study reports an accurate, unbiased method for measuring the minimum and maximum aerosolization puff flow rate and duration of seven pod-style, four pen-style and two disposable ENDS. The minimum aerosolization flow rate ranged from 2.5 to 23 (mL/s) and the minimum aerosolization duration ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 (s) across the ENDS studied. The maximum aerosolization flow rate was defined to be when the onset of liquid aspiration was evident, at flow rates ranging from 50 to 88 (mL/s). Results are presented which provide preliminary estimates for the effective maximum aerosolization flow rate and duration envelope of each ENDS. The variation in operating envelope observed between ENDS products of differing design by various manufacturers has implications for development of standardized emissions testing protocols and data reporting required for regulatory approval of new products.

Download Full-text