State Developmentalism Without a Developmental State: The Public Foundations of the “Free Market Miracle” in Chile

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Marcus Kurtz
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Free Market ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
Insurance Markets ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Public Intervention ◽  
The Public ◽  
Market Economic ◽  
International Comparative

AbstractIf export orientation is a goal in a sustainable development strategy, this study argues that public interventions at the sectoral level in a variety of markets can produce economic reorientation that pursues international comparative advantage faster and at lower cost than free market forces can. Pervasive failures in information, credit, input, distribution, and insurance markets can render strictly market-based adjustment both slow and costly. Although Chile's export boom and high growth rates have been associated with its free market economic policies, this article, based on a comparison of the fruit, fish, and forestry sectors, contends that new forms of public intervention were crucial catalysts in shaping a sustained export response.

Free market economy, ‘developmental state’ and party-state hegemony in Ethiopia: the case of the ‘model farmers’

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Lefort
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
The Social ◽  
Ruling Party ◽  
Party State

ABSTRACTEthiopia's development strategy rests on the promotion of a market economy, driven by ‘new entrepreneurs’, both urban and rural, while, to bring it to ‘maturity’ and to compensate for its present ‘failures’, the resolute intervention of a ‘developmental state’ is essential. Simultaneously, the ruling party aims to sustain its political hegemony by enrolling massively among those at the top of the social pyramid, to which most of these ‘new entrepreneurs’ belong, so as to build its new constituency on them. In the rural areas (83% of the population), the merger of these two objectives leads to the mobilisation of the upper group of smallholder farmers, recruited both as ‘model farmers’ to become the engine for the growth, notably with the support of a massive public Agricultural Extension Programme, and also as members of the ruling party. However, the subordination of the regime's economic objectives to its political agenda undermines the implementation of its development strategy at the field level. This raises questions about the efficiency of the programme and the room left for entrepreneurship, even though this is a mainstay of the market economy that the regime sees as ‘vital’ for Ethiopia's ‘survival’ (Meles 2006).

Good-Bye to the Washington Consensus?

2003 ◽  
Vol 102 (661) ◽  
pp. 58-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Mahon
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Washington Consensus ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Economic Openness ◽  
Latin Americans ◽  
Social Disintegration ◽  
Market Economic

Latin Americans might have expected, after following the free-market economic policies of the ‘Washington consensus’ for a dozen years, that the region would have begun to savor the fruits of openness. But with some exceptions—notably Chile, Costa Rica, and much of Mexico—the fruit has turned out to be bitter, as economic openness appears to have accelerated social disintegration.

Beyond the IFIs, beyond USAID in Chavista Venezuela

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-436
Author(s):  
Timothy M. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Free Market ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
Political Freedom ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Economic Assistance ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Market Economic ◽  
Development Agencies ◽  
The U.S

Many scholars assert that the U.S. state promotes free market economic policies abroad through the leverage it wields within international financial institutions (IFIs), such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Other scholars have focused on U.S. bilateral aid programs, such as those implemented by USAID, and their emphasis on free market economic policies. In many middle-income countries, though, IFIs and U.S. development agencies do not maintain economic development programs. If the U.S. state cannot promote free market policies through IFIs and its bilateral development agencies, how does it promote them at all in middle-income countries? In this paper, I provide a case study of U.S. foreign policy toward Venezuela, a middle-income country, under the government of President Hugo Chávez (1999–2013). I draw on interviews with U.S. state elites, including several former ambassadors and State Department employees, and U.S. state documents to show how the U.S. encourages free market economic reforms through its support for civil society organizations that embrace these reforms. In particular, I focus on the work of the Center for International Private Enterprise, which has explicitly linked political freedom with economic freedom. Through this organization, the U.S. works with free market think tanks and promotes free market initiatives, all in the form of political rather than economic assistance.

RACING TOWARD THE 21ST CENTURY: SOME CHALLENGES FOR MANAGERS IN CHINA

1995 ◽  
Vol 03 (02) ◽  
pp. 121-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
DOUGLAS ALLEN ◽  
SOMNATH BASU ◽  
CHIU-HUNG TSAI ◽  
MURRAY YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Customer Orientation ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Market Economic ◽  
The World ◽  
Effective Models ◽  
China Today

The transformation taking place in China's economy is simultaneously characterized by rapid growth (estimated at 13% in 1992 and 1993), movement toward a free market economic model, and the "opening" of China to active participation in and by the outside world. As these changes take place, managers in China are challenged to adopt new management practices. This paper briefly discusses three major challenges facing managers in China today: 1) enhancing customer orientation; 2) increasing effective utilization of human resources; and 3) development of financial information systems. The paper warns against the temptation to "clone" free market economic systems and management practices. Instead, Chinese managers and policy makers can selectively adopt "best practices" from around the world even as they retain selected Chinese management practices and economic policies which remain effective models from which the rest of the world may learn.

A World of Despair

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greta de Jong
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Ronald Reagan ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Market Economic ◽  
Government Interference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Efficient Mechanisms

This chapter describes the impact of free market economic policies on rural development in the 1980s and 1990s. Seeking to end excessive government interference in the economy, President Ronald Reagan cut taxes, weakened civil rights enforcement, and reduced funding for social programs that served low-income Americans. Reagan believed that private enterprise and market forces were the most efficient mechanisms for creating wealth and distributing resources. Such policies failed to address the problems facing unemployed and poor people in the rural South. At the turn of the twentieth century, the region was still plagued by unemployment, poverty, inadequate health care, substandard housing, and out-migration.

scholarly journals Malaysia: 30 Years of Islamic Banking Experience (1983-2012)

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khiyar Abdalla Khiyar
Keyword(s):  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
The Public ◽  
Banking And Finance ◽  
Chinese Origin ◽  
Market Economic ◽  
The Government

Malaysia proved to be at the forefront of Islamic banking and finance by adopting a dual banking system where the conventional and Islamic banking systems co-exist. The Islamic banking has been in operation since 1983 and offers a variety of Islamic financial instruments. In such a multi-ethnic and multi-religious country, customers get the financial products and services they like. In the early 1980s, the government encouraged all Malaysians to be involved in the fast-track development process with a vision to make Malaysia a fully industrialized country by the year 2020. Actually, the development of Malaysias dual banking system is tied up with its social and economic policy and that is why it was fully supported by the countrys top leadership in addition to the Central Bank, the Parliament, and the public in general. Islamic banks can motivate Muslims to increase savings and reduce hoarding. This kind of motivation was expected to enhance their participation in the development process contributing to savings mobilization and capital accumulation in order to improve their standard of living and bring them up to par with their countrymen of Chinese origin. Among the countries with a free market economic system, Malaysia has emerged as the first country to implement a dual banking and financial system. The Malaysian model has been recognized by many Islamic countries as the model to emulate.

Liberty and the Public Ingredient of Private Property

1993 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-116
Author(s):  
Paul Kens
Keyword(s):  
Due Process ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Economic Regulation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Market Economic ◽  
Economic Individualism ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
American Tradition ◽  
Takings Clause

Recent cases suggest the Supreme Court may be moving toward a new era of open-ended judicial oversight of economic regulation. Viewed in strictly legal terms today's efforts to infuse economic individualism into the Constitution take a form different from that popularized in the laissez-faire era at the turn-of-the-century. The takings clause of the Fifth Amendment rather than the due process clause of the Fourteenth appears to be the favored vehicle. But, in the past and in the present, those who have insisted that the Constitution creates a significant check on the government's ability to regulate private economic activity consistently have relied upon two interrelated ideas to support their view. First they take the Framers' interest in protecting property to be an endorsement of a free market economic system. Secondly they argue that, because the very idea of liberty in the American tradition has included property, their version of individualism is reflected in constitutional jurisprudence from the time of John Marshall to at least the 1930s. This article explores the extent to which these two factors actually support a theory that the Constitution creates a broad and open-ended prohibition or limitation on government involvement in economic matters. Further, it will suggest that the relationship between liberty and property in the American constitutional tradition must take into consideration a third factor—the public ingredient of private property.

scholarly journals Thinking globally, acting locally: Women activists’ accounts

Temida ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
Pam Alldred
Keyword(s):  
Women Activists ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
The South ◽  
Market Economic ◽  
The Impact

This paper intends to describe the range of forms women?s resistance to globalisation takes, emphasising diverse strategies from everyday acts, the development of practical alternative resources, organising in women?s groups or trades unions, mass demonstrations and symbolic defiance. Recognising that it is the women of the South, in particular, who bear the brunt of the impact of neoliberal ?free market? economic policies, it hoped to be sensitive to the struggles for survival that might frame the urgency of resistance amongst women of the South, and make links with some of the strategies of activist women in the more privileged North.

Capitalism, State Economic Policy and Ecological Footprint: An International Comparative Analysis

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ş İlgü Özler ◽  
Brian K. Obach
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Ecological Footprint ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Economic Freedom Index ◽  
International Comparative ◽  
Pooled Time Series

This article examines the relationship between state economic policy and environmental performance. It tests the hypothesis that a greater reliance on free market policies leads to higher levels of resource use and pollution. This issue sits at the heart of much theoretical debate about the role of capitalism in environmental performance. The Economic Freedom Index is used as a measure of the degree to which states adhere to free market policies. Environmental performance is measured through the use of per capita ecological footprint, a measure that accounts for a broad range of resource use and pollution. Pooled time series analysis is used to examine economic policies and environmental performance in 110 countries from the years 1996 to 2003. The results indicate that free market policies are associated with greater ecological degradation, but that not all aspects of capitalism have this negative effect.

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