Pattern of memory compromise in chronic geriatric schizophrenia, frontotemporal dementia and normal geriatric controls

Objective:The purpose of this study was to explore whether memory deficits in schizophrenia are attributable to poor organisation/encoding during initial learning vs. memory decay.Methods:Subjects included geriatric schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorders [SSD; n = 37; age = 59.92 (55–74); education = 11.70 (7–18)]; frontotemporal dementia [FTD; n = 41; age = 76.59 (64–83); education = 14.61 (12–20)] and geriatric controls [n = 107; age = 70.97 (55–93); education = 13.76 (6–20)]. Subjects were administered the Wechsler Memory Scale, Third Edition and discrepancy scores between immediate and delayed subtests/indices were used to explore possible differences between groups in pattern of impairment.Results:Significant differences were found between groups on age/education and these variables were related to several outcome measures. Gender was not related to diagnostic group and there were no gender differences on study variables. There were differences between the SSD subjects on several variables, with the schizoaffective subjects performing worse despite equivalence on global cognitive function, living status and chronicity. Seven one-way between-subjects ANCOVAs compared groups on discrepancy scores. Results failed to suggest differences between groups on immediate-delayed memory discrepancy scores (p> 0.05). Subsequent analyses revealed differences in percentage retention scores between SSD and FTD on the faces subtest (p = 0.040), with SSD retaining greater information over time.Conclusion:Results failed to show distinctions between groups on pattern of memory impairment when using discrepancy comparisons. However, an analysis examining percentage retention scores revealed better maintenance of non-contextual visual information over time in SSD. Findings may suggest deficits in immediate encoding rather than memory decay for some types of memory ability among geriatric SSD. Our failure to document group differences when using discrepancy comparisons may be attributable to relative similarity in pattern between groups or the limited sensitivity of this technique.

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Supplemental Material for Two-Year Impact of a Universal Social-Emotional Learning Curriculum: Group Differences From Developmentally Sensitive Trends Over Time

Developmental Psychology ◽

10.1037/dev0000621.supp ◽

2018 ◽

Keyword(s):

Social Emotional Learning ◽

Emotional Learning ◽

Group Differences ◽

Social Emotional ◽

Trends Over Time ◽

Over Time

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Efficacy of the use of unaffected hand containment in unimanual intensive therapy to increase visuomotor coordination in children with hemiplegia: a randomized controlled pilot study

Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease ◽

10.1177/20406223211001280 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

pp. 204062232110012

Author(s):

Rocío Palomo-Carrión ◽

Elisabeth Bravo-Esteban ◽

Sara Ando-La Fuente ◽

Purificación López-Muñoz ◽

Inés Martínez-Galán ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Upper Limb ◽

Visual Information ◽

Intensive Therapy ◽

Action Planning ◽

Reaction Time Task ◽

Group Differences ◽

Visuomotor Coordination ◽

Therapy Program ◽

Anticipatory Action

Background: The capacity of children with hemiplegia to be engaged in anticipatory action planning is affected. There is no balance among spatial, proprioceptive and visual information, thus altering the affected upper limb visuomotor coordination. The objective of the present study was to assess the improvement in visuomotor coordination after the application of a unimanual intensive therapy program, with the use of unaffected hand containment compared with not using unaffected hand containment. Methods: A simple blind randomized clinical trial was realized. A total of 16 subjects with congenital infantile hemiplegia participated in the study with an age mean of 5.54 years old (SD:1.55). Two intensive protocols for 5 weeks of modified constraint-induced movement therapy (mCIMT) or unimanual therapy without containment (UTWC) were executed 5 days per week (2 h/day). Affected upper limb visuomotor coordination (reaction time, task total time, active range, dynamic grasp) was measured before–after intensive therapy using a specific circuit with different slopes (10°/15°). Results: Statistically significant inter-group differences were found after the intervention, with clinically relevant results for the mCIMT group not seen in UTWC, in the following variables: reaction time 10°slope ( p = 0.003, d = 2.44), reaction time 15°slope ( p = 0.002, d = 2.15) as well as for the task total time 10°slope ( p = 0.002, d = 2.25), active reach 10°slope ( p = 0.002, d = 2.7), active reach 15°slope ( p = 0.003, d = 2.29) and dynamic grasp 10°/15°slopes ( p = <0.001, d = 2.69). There were not statistically significant inter-group differences in the total task time with 15°slope ( p = 0.074, d = 1.27). Conclusions: The use of unaffected hand containment in mCIMT would allow improvements in the affected upper limb’s visuomotor coordination. Thus, it would favor clinical practice to make decisions on therapeutic approaches to increase the affected upper limb functionality and action planning in children diagnosed with infantile hemiplegia (4–8 years old).

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Dissecting neural pathways for forgetting in Drosophila olfactory aversive memory

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1512792112 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 112 (48) ◽

pp. E6663-E6672 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Yichun Shuai ◽

Areekul Hirokawa ◽

Yulian Ai ◽

Min Zhang ◽

Wanhe Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reversal Learning ◽

Dopaminergic Neurons ◽

Mushroom Body ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Molecular Pathways ◽

Neural Pathways ◽

Active Process ◽

Glutamatergic Neurons ◽

Memory Decay ◽

Over Time

Recent studies have identified molecular pathways driving forgetting and supported the notion that forgetting is a biologically active process. The circuit mechanisms of forgetting, however, remain largely unknown. Here we report two sets of Drosophila neurons that account for the rapid forgetting of early olfactory aversive memory. We show that inactivating these neurons inhibits memory decay without altering learning, whereas activating them promotes forgetting. These neurons, including a cluster of dopaminergic neurons (PAM-β′1) and a pair of glutamatergic neurons (MBON-γ4>γ1γ2), terminate in distinct subdomains in the mushroom body and represent parallel neural pathways for regulating forgetting. Interestingly, although activity of these neurons is required for memory decay over time, they are not required for acute forgetting during reversal learning. Our results thus not only establish the presence of multiple neural pathways for forgetting in Drosophila but also suggest the existence of diverse circuit mechanisms of forgetting in different contexts.

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Learning, Forgetting, and Relearning: Skill Learning in Children With Language Impairment

American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology ◽

10.1044/2014_ajslp-13-0031 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 696-707 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Esther Adi-Japha ◽

Haia Abu-Asba

Keyword(s):

Motor Skills ◽

Skill Acquisition ◽

Language Impairment ◽

Specific Language Impairment ◽

Skill Learning ◽

Group Differences ◽

Fine Motor ◽

Specific Language ◽

Retention Testing ◽

Over Time

Purpose The current study tested whether the difficulties of children with specific language impairment (SLI) in skill acquisition are related to learning processes that occur while practicing a new skill or to the passage of time between practice and later performance. Method The acquisition and retention of a new complex grapho-motor symbol were studied in 5-year-old children with SLI and peers matched for age and nonverbal IQ. The children practiced the production of the symbol for 4 consecutive days. Retention testing took place 10 days later. Results Children with SLI began each practice day slower than their peers but attained similar levels of performance by its end. Although they increased their performance speed within sessions more than their peers, they did not retain their learning as well between sessions. The loss in speed was largest in the 10-day retention interval. They were also less accurate, but accuracy differences decreased over time. Between-session group differences in speed could not fully be accounted for based on fine motor skills. Conclusions In spite of effective within-session learning, children with SLI did not retain the new skill well. The deficit may be attributed to task forgetting in the presence of delayed consolidation processes.

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Long-term trend of quality-adjusted time without symptoms or toxicities (Q-TWiST) of nivolumab+ipilimumab (N+I) versus sunitinib (SUN) for the first-line treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (aRCC).

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.6568 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. 6568-6568

Author(s):

Robert J. Motzer ◽

Toni K. Choueiri ◽

Jessica May ◽

Youngmin Kwon ◽

Nifasha Rusibamayila ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Good Health ◽

Group Differences ◽

Parametric Bootstrapping ◽

Clinical Benefits ◽

Grade 3 ◽

Relative Gains ◽

Clinical Trial Information ◽

Over Time

6568 Background: After a minimum follow-up of 48 months (mos), the CheckMate 214 trial (phase 3, NCT02231749) continued to demonstrate a significant overall (OS) and progression-free (PFS) survival benefit for N+I vs. SUN in aRCC patients (pts) with intermediate (I) or poor (P) International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium (IMDC) risk factors (median OS: 48.1 vs. 26.6 mos, HR: 0.65, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.54, 0.78; 48-mos PFS: 32.7% vs. 12.3%, HR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.62, 0.88) (Albiges et al. ESMO Open 2020). To further understand the clinical benefits and risks of N+I vs. SUN, we evaluated the Q-TWiST over time using up to 57 mos of follow-up in CheckMate 214. Methods: OS was partitioned into 3 states: time with any grade 3 or 4 adverse events (TOX), time without symptoms of disease or toxicity (TWiST), and time after progression (REL). The Q-TWiST is a metric that combines the quantity and quality (i.e., “utility”) of time spent in each of the 3 states TWiST, TOX, and REL. Prior research (Revicki et al, Qual Life Res, 2006) has established that relative gains in Q-TWiST (i.e., Q-TWiST gain divided by OS in SUN) of ≥ 10% and ≥ 15% can be considered as “clinically important” and “clearly clinically important”, respectively. Non-parametric bootstrapping was used to generate 95% CIs. To observe changes in quality-adjusted survival gains over time, absolute and relative Q-TWiST were calculated up to 57 mos at intervals of 12-mos. Results: With 57-mos follow-up, compared to SUN pts, N+I pts (N = 847) had significantly longer time in TWiST state (+7.1 mos [95% CI: 4.2, 10.4]). The between-group differences in TOX state (0.3 mos [95% CI: -0.2, 0.8]) and REL state (-1.2 mos [95% CI: -4.1, 1.5]) were not statistically significant. The Q-TWiST gain in the N+I vs. SUN arms was 6.6 mos (95% CI: 4.1, 9.4), resulting in a 21.2% relative gain. Q-TWiST gains progressively increased over the follow-up period and exceeded the “clinically important” threshold around 27 mos (Table). These gains were driven by steady increases in TWiST gains from 0.4 mos (after 12 mos) to 7.1 mos (after 57 mos). Conclusions: In CheckMate 214, N+I resulted in a statistically significant and “clearly clinically important (≥ 15%)” longer quality-adjusted survival vs. SUN, which increased over the longer follow-up time. Q-TWiST gains were primarily driven by time in “good” health (i.e., TWiST), which largely resulted from the long-term PFS benefits seen for N+I vs. SUN. Clinical trial information: NCT02231749. [Table: see text]

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Education modulates brain maintenance in presymptomatic frontotemporal dementia

Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry ◽

10.1136/jnnp-2019-320439 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 90 (10) ◽

pp. 1124-1130 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Stefano Gazzina ◽

Mario Grassi ◽

Enrico Premi ◽

Maura Cosseddu ◽

Antonella Alberici ◽

...

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Frontotemporal Dementia ◽

Grey Matter ◽

Principal Component ◽

Grey Matter Volume ◽

Brain Reserve ◽

Matter Volume ◽

Brain Maintenance ◽

Over Time

ObjectiveCognitively engaging lifestyles have been associated with reduced risk of conversion to dementia. Multiple mechanisms have been advocated, including increased brain volumes (ie, brain reserve) and reduced disease progression (ie, brain maintenance). In cross-sectional studies of presymptomatic frontotemporal dementia (FTD), higher education has been related to increased grey matter volume. Here, we examine the effect of education on grey matter loss over time.MethodsTwo-hundred twenty-nine subjects at-risk of carrying a pathogenic mutation leading to FTD underwent longitudinal cognitive assessment and T1-weighted MRI at baseline and at 1 year follow-up. The first principal component score of the graph-Laplacian Principal Component Analysis on 112 grey matter region-of-interest volumes was used to summarise the grey matter volume (GMV). The effects of education on cognitive performances and GMV at baseline and on the change between 1 year follow-up and baseline (slope) were tested by Structural Equation Modelling.ResultsHighly educated at-risk subjects had better cognition and higher grey matter volume at baseline; moreover, higher educational attainment was associated with slower loss of grey matter over time in mutation carriers.ConclusionsThis longitudinal study demonstrates that even in presence of ongoing pathological processes, education may facilitate both brain reserve and brain maintenance in the presymptomatic phase of genetic FTD.

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Coping Strategies as a Predictor of Post-concussive Symptoms in Children with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury versus Mild Orthopedic Injury

Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society ◽

10.1017/s1355617710001700 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 317-326 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Stacey E. Woodrome ◽

Keith Owen Yeates ◽

H. Gerry Taylor ◽

Jerome Rusin ◽

Barbara Bangert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Coping Strategies ◽

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Group Differences ◽

Post Injury ◽

Mild Tbi ◽

Orthopedic Injury ◽

Children's Coping ◽

Over Time

AbstractThis study examined whether children's coping strategies are related to post-concussive symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) versus orthopedic injury (OI). Participants were 8- to 15-year-old children with mild TBI (n = 167) or OI (n = 84). They rated their current preferred coping strategies and post-injury symptoms at 2 weeks (baseline) and 1, 3, and 12 months post-injury. Children's reported use of coping strategies did not vary significantly over time, so their baseline coping ratings were examined as predictors of post-concussive symptoms across time. Self-ratings of symptoms were positively related to emotion-focused strategies and negatively related to problem-focused engagement after both mild TBI and OI. Higher problem-focused disengagement predicted larger group differences in children's ratings of symptoms, suggesting that problem-focused disengagement moderates the effects of mild TBI. Coping strategies collectively accounted for approximately 10–15% of the variance in children's post-concussive symptoms over time. The findings suggest that coping may play an important role in accounting for children's perceptions of post-concussive symptoms after mild TBI. (JINS, 2011, 17, 317–326)

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Sucking Performance of Babies with Cleft Conditions

The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal ◽

10.1597/05-173 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 312-320 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Julie Reid ◽

Sheena Reilly ◽

Nicky Kilpatrick

Keyword(s):

Cleft Lip ◽

Cleft Lip And Palate ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Bottle Feeding ◽

Group Differences ◽

Feeding Management ◽

Ability Groups ◽

Pressure Changes ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

Objective: To describe the sucking performance of bottle-fed babies with cleft conditions. Participants: Forty 2-week-old-babies with cleft lip (CL; n = 8), cleft palate (CP; n = 22), and cleft lip and palate (CLP; n = 10) were examined. Methods: Suction, compression, and other sucking parameters were measured during bottle-feeding and compared to determine if they varied with cleft condition or feeding ability. Results: All babies with CL and one with CLP demonstrated suction. Thirteen of 22 babies with CP demonstrated suction but only three maintained regular pressure changes over time. Between-group differences in the amplitude of suction and compression were associated with cleft condition. Cleft lip participants demonstrated the greatest amplitude of suction followed by those with CP and CLP. Cleft lip and CP participants generated similar amplitudes of compression. This was greater than their counterparts with CLP. Good feeders (n = 15) generated high levels of suction, while satisfactory (n = 15) and poor feeders (n = 10) did not generate any during bottle-feeding. Conclusion: Between-group differences in intra-oral pressures were confirmed when babies were examined by cleft condition. Babies with smaller clefts (i.e., CL or minor soft palate clefts) were more likely to generate normal levels of suction and compression compared to their counterparts with larger clefts. Since good feeders were more likely to have smaller clefts it was not surprising that they demonstrated higher suction pressures than babies with satisfactory or poor feeding ability. Compression values were not significantly different across the feeding ability groups. These data may inform feeding management strategies.

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