Varieties of Perspectives on Creativity: Reply to Commentators

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 466-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean Keith Simonton
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Hierarchical Model ◽  
Additional Research ◽  
Creative Achievement ◽  
First Case

In this reply, I concentrate on two broad issues raised by the four commentaries in this issue: the hierarchical model of domains and individual differences in creativity. In the first case, I cite additional research to address the contrast between “hard” and “soft” domains and the application of this contrast to children, adolescents, and noneminent adults. In the second case, I introduce two recent studies to confirm the model's predictions regarding personal creative achievement. I hope that the original article, the commentaries, and this reply will inspire future inquiries into creativity in all its disciplinary varieties.

What’s Normal? Specific Language Impairment in an Individual Differences Perspective

1991 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip S. Dale ◽  
Kevin N. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Impairment ◽  
Specific Language Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Specific Language ◽  
First Case ◽  
Syntactic Development

In this paper, the issue of language impairment is set in a broader perspective of individual differences. Two aspects of language development are identified in which the discrepancies between domains of language and/or cognitive development often observed in specific language impairment (SLI) children occur naturally as a consequence of individual variation in rate of development together with relative independence of specific domains. In the first case, concerning bound morphemes versus syntactic development, research with precocious children complements data from language-impaired children in demonstrating that morphology is the component of language most tied to general language learning ability. In the second case, the definition of specific language impairment as a distinct etiology on the basis of discrepancy between language and nonverbal cognitive development (the "Cognitive Hypothesis") is shown to lead to an invalid prediction. Children with SLI do not show a distinctive response to language intervention, relative to children with even profiles of language and nonverbal cognitive abilities.

Introduction to the Column: Exploring Individual Differences Through Case Studies

Relay Journal ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 102-103
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Learner Beliefs ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Relationship

Welcome to the first case studies column in Relay Journal. In this inaugural column, we introduce six case studies which we have grouped into three loose categories. The first two papers explore the development of learners’ relationships with English study; the following two investigate the relationship between learner beliefs and motivation, and the final two studies look at how personality and anxiety affect English use.

A Review and Synthesis of Situational Strength in the Organizational Sciences

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rustin D. Meyer ◽  
Reeshad S. Dalal ◽  
Richard Hermida
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Additional Research ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Psychological Construct ◽  
Situational Strength ◽  
Intuitive Appeal ◽  
Organizational Sciences

Situational strength pertains to the idea that various characteristics of situations have the ability to restrict the expression and, therefore, the criterion-related validity of individual differences. Despite situational strength’s intuitive appeal, however, little information exists regarding its construct space. This review (a) categorizes extant operationalizations into four facets (constraints, consequences, clarity, and consistency), (b) examines the empirical literature on situational strength—relevant hypotheses, and, on the basis of the proposed taxonomy and literature review, (c) provides several avenues for future theoretical and empirical research. It is the authors’ hope that these efforts will encourage additional research and theorizing on this potentially important psychological construct.

scholarly journals Creative Achievement and Individual Differences: Associations Across and Within the Domains of Creativity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darya Zabelina ◽  
Elina Zaonegina ◽  
William Revelle ◽  
David M Condon
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Threshold Effect ◽  
Vocational Interests ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Creative Achievement ◽  
High Level

We investigated the relationships between creative achievement, cognitive ability, temperament, and vocational interests using a large and diverse internet-based sample. Ten creative domains (visual arts, music, creative writing, dance, drama, architecture, humor, scientific discovery, inventions, culinary arts) were positively associated with higher cognitive ability, intellect and extraversion, and lower agreeableness. With regard to cognitive ability, there was no evidence for the threshold effect on achievements. With regard to age, younger individuals endorsed a greater number of low-level achievements and older individuals more high-level achievements across the 10 creative domains. Other characteristics of individual differences (e.g., vocational interests) were more domain-specific for predicting creative achievement. We also introduce a revised method for the assessment and scoring of creative achievements, and discuss suggestions for future research.

scholarly journals Ensemble modeling of auditory streaming reveals potential sources of bistability across the perceptual hierarchy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David F. Little ◽  
Joel S. Snyder ◽  
Mounya Elhilali
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Auditory System ◽  
Hierarchical Model ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Auditory Streaming ◽  
Specific Stimulus ◽  
Bistable Perception

AbstractPerceptual bistability—the spontaneous fluctuation of perception between two interpretations of a stimulus—occurs when observing a large variety of ambiguous stimulus configurations. This phenomenon has the potential to serve as a tool for, among other things, understanding how function varies across individuals due to the large individual differences that manifest during perceptual bistability. Yet it remains difficult to interpret the functional processes at work, without knowing where bistability arises during perception. In this study we explore the hypothesis that bistability originates from multiple sources distributed across the perceptual hierarchy. We develop a hierarchical model of auditory processing comprised of three distinct levels: a Peripheral, tonotopic analysis, a Central analysis computing features found more centrally in the auditory system, and an Object analysis, where sounds are segmented into different streams. We model bistable perception within this system by injecting adaptation, inhibition and noise into one or all of the three levels of the hierarchy. We evaluate a large ensemble of variations of this hierarchical model, where each model has a different configuration of adaptation, inhibition and noise. This approach avoids the assumption that a single configuration must be invoked to explain the data. Each model is evaluated based on its ability to replicate two hallmarks of bistability during auditory streaming: the selectivity of bistability to specific stimulus configurations, and the characteristic log-normal pattern of perceptual switches. Consistent with a distributed origin, a broad range of model parameters across this hierarchy lead to a plausible form of perceptual bistability. The ensemble also appears to predict that greater individual variation in adaptation and inhibition occurs in later stages of perceptual processing.Author summaryOur ability to experience the everyday world through our senses requires that we resolve numerous ambiguities present in the physical evidence available. This is accomplished, in part, through a series of hierarchical computations, in which stimulus interpretations grow increasingly abstract. Our ability to resolve ambiguity does not always succeed, such as during optical illusions. In this study, we examine a form of perceptual ambiguity called bistability—cases in which a single individual’s perception spontaneously switches back and forth between two interpretations of a single stimulus. A challenge in understanding bistability is that we don’t know where along the perceptual hierarchy it is generated. Here we test the idea that there are multiple origins by building a simulation of the auditory system. Consistent with a multi-source account of bistability, this simulation accurately predicts perception of a simple auditory stimulus when bistability originates from a number of different sources within the model. The data also indicate that individual differences during ambiguous perception may primarily originate from higher levels of the perceptual hierarchy. This result provides a clue for future work aiming to determine how auditory function differs across individual brains.

scholarly journals Who likes extraverts? Re-examining motivational tradeoff effects in social perception

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bastian Jaeger ◽  
Alex Lee Jones ◽  
Liam Satchell ◽  
Christoph Schild ◽  
Florian van Leeuwen
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Social Perception ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Additional Research ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Design Study ◽  
Sociosexual Orientation

Although many facial features elicit similar personality impressions across different perceivers, there are also substantial individual differences. Brown and Sacco conducted several studies to explore which perceiver characteristics explain these differences. Applying the idea of motivational tradeoffs, they showed that extraverted-looking targets are perceived more positively by perceivers whose social needs are more likely to be met by extraverted individuals. Here, we conduct two preregistered replications of their studies, testing if participants with (a) stronger affiliative needs, (b) weaker pathogen concern, and (c) a more unrestricted sociosexual orientation form more positive impressions of extraverted-looking individuals. Using the original stimuli and study design (Study 1, n = 273) and two additional stimulus sets and an improved study design (Study 2, n = 367), we do not find consistent evidence for any of the proposed relationships. Our findings highlight the need for additional research to understand individual differences in social perception.

The challenge of accounting for individual differences in folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin C. Ruisch ◽  
Rajen A. Anderson ◽  
David A. Pizarro
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Political Ideologies ◽  
Economic Beliefs ◽  
Existing Data

AbstractWe argue that existing data on folk-economic beliefs (FEBs) present challenges to Boyer & Petersen's model. Specifically, the widespread individual variation in endorsement of FEBs casts doubt on the claim that humans are evolutionarily predisposed towards particular economic beliefs. Additionally, the authors' model cannot account for the systematic covariance between certain FEBs, such as those observed in distinct political ideologies.

Individual differences, social attention, and the history of the social motivation hypotheses of autism

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C. Mundy
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Emotional Development ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Social Attention ◽  
Social Emotional Development ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Precise Understanding ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

Abstract The stereotype of people with autism as unresponsive or uninterested in other people was prominent in the 1980s. However, this view of autism has steadily given way to recognition of important individual differences in the social-emotional development of affected people and a more precise understanding of the possible role social motivation has in their early development.

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