A Report from New England, USA The Passing of the Small-Scale Potable Water System

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-103
Author(s):  
G. D. BLAIS
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
Small Scale

Small-Scale Hydro in New England: 1960-1976

1981 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Paul H. Kirshen
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Small Scale

scholarly journals Legionnaires' Disease Outbreak at a Resort in Cozumel, Mexico

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee M. Hampton ◽  
Laurel Garrison ◽  
Jessica Kattan ◽  
Ellen Brown ◽  
Natalia A. Kozak-Muiznieks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Health Departments ◽  
Medical Providers ◽  
Cozumel Island ◽  
European Working ◽  
Legionnaires Disease

Abstract Background.  A Legionnaires' disease (LD) outbreak at a resort on Cozumel Island in Mexico was investigated by a joint Mexico-United States team in 2010. This is the first reported LD outbreak in Mexico, where LD is not a reportable disease. Methods.  Reports of LD among travelers were solicited from US health departments and the European Working Group for Legionella Infections. Records from the resort and Cozumel Island health facilities were searched for possible LD cases. In April 2010, the resort was searched for possible Legionella exposure sources. The temperature and total chlorine of the water at 38 sites in the resort were measured, and samples from those sites were tested for Legionella. Results.  Nine travelers became ill with laboratory-confirmed LD within 2 weeks of staying at the resort between May 2008 and April 2010. The resort and its potable water system were the only common exposures. No possible LD cases were identified among resort workers. Legionellae were found to have extensively colonized the resort's potable water system. Legionellae matching a case isolate were found in the resort's potable water system. Conclusions.  Medical providers should test for LD when treating community-acquired pneumonia that is severe or affecting patients who traveled in the 2 weeks before the onset of symptoms. When an LD outbreak is detected, the source should be identified and then aggressively remediated. Because LD can occur in tropical and temperate areas, all countries should consider making LD a reportable disease if they have not already done so.

scholarly journals Human Health Impact of Cross-Connections in Non-Potable Reuse Systems

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Schoen ◽  
Michael Jahne ◽  
Jay Garland
Keyword(s):  
Potable Water ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Pathogen Inactivation ◽  
Microbial Infection ◽  
Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Potable Reuse ◽  
Contamination Event

We used quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to estimate the microbial risks from two contamination pathways in onsite non-potable water systems (ONWS): contamination of potable water by (treated) reclaimed, non-potable water and contamination of reclaimed, non-potable water by wastewater or greywater. A range of system sizes, event durations, fraction of users exposed, and intrusion dilutions were considered (chlorine residual disinfection was not included). The predicted annual microbial infection risk from domestic, non-potable reuse remained below the selected benchmark given isolated, short-duration intrusion (i.e., 5-day) events of reclaimed water in potable water. Whereas, intrusions of wastewater into reclaimed, non-potable water resulted in unacceptable annual risk without large dilutions or pathogen inactivation. We predicted that 1 user out of 10,000 could be exposed to a 5-day contamination event of undiluted wastewater in the reclaimed, non-potable water system each year to meet the annual benchmark risk of 10−4 infections per person per year; whereas, 1 user out of 1000 could be exposed to a 5-day contamination event of undiluted reclaimed water in the potable water each year. Overall, the predicted annual risks support the use of previously derived non-potable reuse treatment requirements for a variety of ONWS sizes and support the prioritization of protective measures to prevent the intrusion of wastewater into domestic ONWS.

scholarly journals An Interdisciplinary Approach to the Sustainability of a Gravity-Fed Water System in the Peruvian Andes

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-60
Author(s):  
Riley Orabona Wagner ◽  
Sydney Hsu ◽  
John Nicholas Kick ◽  
Sofia Bisogno ◽  
Camille Heubner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water System ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
Peruvian Andes ◽  
Princeton University ◽  
Future Success ◽  
Local Partnerships ◽  
Engineers Without Borders

This paper analyzes the methods utilized by the Princeton University Chapter of Engineers Without Borders to ensure the sustainability of a gravity-fed water system in rural northwestern Peru. While similar small scale development projects consider sustainability in their design process, some do not recognize the importance of an interdisciplinary approach to sustainability. This team, however, is inherently interdisciplinary in nature due to its unique subteam structure, which subsequently affects its approach to sustainability. By examining the technical, social, and financial considerations of the project conducted by the Princeton University Chapter of Engineers Without Borders, this paper argues for a three-pronged approach to sustainability. As can be seen through thoughtful design parameters, strong local partnerships, and strategic financial mechanisms, the project displays promise of future success with regards to sustainability. The main objective of the Princeton Chapter of Engineers Without Borders in this partnership is to ensure that the community has the knowledge, tools, and resources necessary to maintain the water system in a self-sufficient manner at the completion of the chapter’s involvement.

scholarly journals Lessons From an Outbreak of Legionnaires’ Disease on a Hematology-Oncology Unit

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise K. Francois Watkins ◽  
Karrie-Ann E. Toews ◽  
Aaron M. Harris ◽  
Sherri Davidson ◽  
Stephanie Ayers-Millsap ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Water System ◽  
Positive Sequence ◽  
Environmental Isolates ◽  
Legionnaires Disease ◽  
Oncology Unit ◽  
Healthcare Associated

OBJECTIVESTo define the scope of an outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease (LD), to identify the source, and to stop transmission.DESIGN AND SETTINGEpidemiologic investigation of an LD outbreak among patients and a visitor exposed to a newly constructed hematology-oncology unit.METHODSAn LD case was defined as radiographically confirmed pneumonia in a person with positive urinary antigen testing and/or respiratory culture forLegionellaand exposure to the hematology-oncology unit after February 20, 2014. Cases were classified as definitely or probably healthcare-associated based on whether they were exposed to the unit for all or part of the incubation period (2–10 days). We conducted an environmental assessment and collected water samples for culture. Clinical and environmental isolates were compared by monoclonal antibody (MAb) and sequence-based typing.RESULTSOver a 12-week period, 10 cases were identified, including 6 definite and 4 probable cases. Environmental sampling revealedLegionella pneumophilaserogroup 1 (Lp1) in the potable water at 9 of 10 unit sites (90%), including all patient rooms tested. The 3 clinical isolates were identical to environmental isolates from the unit (MAb2-positive, sequence type ST36). No cases occurred with exposure after the implementation of water restrictions followed by point-of-use filters.CONCLUSIONSContamination of the unit’s potable water system with Lp1 strain ST36 was the likely source of this outbreak. Healthcare providers should routinely test patients who develop pneumonia at least 2 days after hospital admission for LD. A single case of LD that is definitely healthcare associated should prompt a full investigation.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2017;38:306–313

Interactions Between Biotic and Abiotic Factors and Viruses in a Water System

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 139-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Walter ◽  
J. Dürkop ◽  
B. Friedman ◽  
H. J. Dobberkau
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Water System ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Virus Content ◽  
Sampling Points ◽  
Distributed Sampling

A river intensively used along its entire course for extracting potable water and for discharging domestic and industrial effluents permanently carries a high load of viruses, including hepatitis A and rotaviruses. In the areas supplied with potable water from this river hepatitis A is endemic. The river has been investigated four times at 16 or more sampling points throughout its course in the years 1981, 1982 and 1983. Coincident with the virological investigation, biological, microbiological and chemical examinations were conducted with the same water sample. At some representatively distributed sampling points along the river course, tests for heavy metals (Cd, Ni, Cu, Cr, Pb) and selected chemical compounds were also performed. The virological quality of the river water largely depends on the virus input via domestic sewage. Statistically significant correlations have been found between virus level, pH, NH4+ and NO3−. Amoebae species are likely to counteract viruses. Knowing the dynamics of river water exploitation above the extraction sites, a model for the estimation of virus content in the raw water could be developed.

Online Prediction of Transient Instability by Wide Area Measurement System

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Farhad Namdari ◽  
Maryam Nourizadeh ◽  
Mahmoodreza Shakarami
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Prediction Method ◽  
Test System ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Area Measurement ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Unknown Parameters ◽  
Wide Area Measurement System ◽  
Real Time Simulations

<p>In this paper an online accurate prediction method is proposed to enhance the speed of Transactionient stability assessment. This method is the measurement basis technique resulted from wide area measurement systems (WAMS). In the proposed method, the generators with same dynamic behavior, referred as to coherent generators, are clustered as a same group and they can be considered as an equivalent bus. So the system will be reduced into a small scale system. The admittance matrix parameters of the reduced system can be identified with the least square algorithm. Then the trajectory prediction is performed by real-time simulations. Obtained results from simulations on New England test system show the high noticeable efficiency for performance of the proposed method, capable in predicting of the disturbed trajectory under existence of unknown parameters in grid structure.. </p>

scholarly journals Mobile crowd participation to root small-scale piped water supply systems in India and Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mink ◽  
B. A. Hoque ◽  
S. Khanam ◽  
D. Van Halem
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water System ◽  
Internet Access ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Smartphone Applications ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
Mobile Crowd

Abstract In the arsenic-contaminated Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta in India and Bangladesh, small-scale piped water supply seems a promising way to provide safe drinking water to households in the region. The use of smartphone applications can support monitoring of the system and enhance local engagement and empowerment. In this paper the scope for mobile crowd participation as a research and monitoring tool for piped water supply systems in Bihar, India and in Khulna and Chittagong, Bangladesh is investigated. In these areas, the use of smartphones and internet access are growing rapidly and smartphone applications would enable real-time water quality monitoring, payment of water bills, awareness creation, and a dialogue between the end-user and the water supplier. To identify the relevance and acceptability of piped water supply and smartphone monitoring, four surveys with potential end-users were conducted. Based on these surveys we conclude that in the investigated areas there is a desire for piped water systems, that households already own smartphones with internet access, and that there is an interest in smartphone monitoring. The enabling environment to deploy mobile crowd participation for piped water system monitoring stimulates further research towards an investigation of potential functionalities and the actual development of such an application.

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