Gill surface area provides a clue for the respiratory basis of brain size in the blacktip shark ( Carcharhinus limbatus )

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serena Wong ◽  
Jennifer S. Bigman ◽  
Kara E. Yopak ◽  
Nicholas K. Dulvy
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Blacktip Shark ◽  
Carcharhinus Limbatus ◽  
Gill Surface Area

Spatial distribution of the parasite Kroyeria carchariaeglauci Hesse, 1879 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Kroyeriidae) on gills of the blue shark (Prionace glauca (L., 1758))

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 1275-1281 ◽  
Author(s):  
George W. Benz ◽  
Kevin S. Dupre
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Blue Shark ◽  
Prionace Glauca ◽  
Homogeneous Groups ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Gill Surface Area

Five blue sharks (Prionace glauca) were examined for gill-infesting copepods. Three species of siphonostomatoid copepods were collected: Gangliopus pyriformis, Phyllothyreus cornutus, and Kroyeria carchariaeglauci. The spatial distribution of K. carchariaeglauci was analyzed. The number of K. carchariaeglauci per shark was positively related to gill surface area and host size. Copepods were unevenly distributed amongst hemibranchs; flanking hemibranchs could be arranged into three statistically homogeneous groups. Female K. carchariaeglauci typically attached themselves within the middle 40% of each hemibranch; males were more evenly dispersed. Eighty percent of all K. carchariaeglauci attached themselves to secondary lamellae, the remainder were in the underlying excurrent water channels. Most K. carchariaeglauci were located between 10 and 25 mm along the lengths of gill filaments. Overall, the spatial distribution of K. carchariaeglauci was quite specific in all study planes. Explanation of this distribution is set forth in terms of natural selection pressures; however, the equally plausible explanation that the distribution pattern exhibited by these copepods is phylogenetically determined and may have little to do with contemporary selective constraints should not be ignored.

Genetic heterogeneity among blacktip shark, Carcharhinus limbatus , continental nurseries along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico

2003 ◽  
Vol 143 (6) ◽  
pp. 1039-1046 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Keeney ◽  
M. Heupel ◽  
R. E. Hueter ◽  
E. J. Heist
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Genetic Heterogeneity ◽  
Blacktip Shark ◽  
Carcharhinus Limbatus ◽  
The U.S

scholarly journals Diet of the Blacktip Shark (Carcharhinus limbatus) in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. SC25-SC30
Author(s):  
Sarah R. Alewijnse ◽  
R. J. David Wells
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Micropogonias Undulatus ◽  
Blacktip Shark ◽  
Carcharhinus Limbatus ◽  
Shrimp Fishery ◽  
New Finding ◽  
A Minor

The stomach contents of 90 Blacktip Shark (Carcharhinus limbatus) specimens caught in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) were examined. Stomach contents were identified to the lowest possible taxon, and quantified using percent weight, percent number, percent frequency of occurrence, and percent index of relative importance (IRI). Teleosts were the dominant prey group (98.95% IRI), although most were unidentified (61.70% IRI). Of identified teleost species, Atlantic Croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) (28.43% IRI), and Gulf Menhaden (Brevoortia patronus) (2.31% IRI) were the most important. Crustaceans (0.65% IRI), mollusks (0.46% IRI), and elasmobranchs (0.03% IRI) formed a minor component of the diet. Suspected shrimp fishery discards were found in 11% of stomachs, highlighting the potential importance of this food source for the Blacktip Shark. Diet composition did not differ between male and female sharks, but did between juveniles and adults. Juvenile shark diets had greater proportions of unidentified teleost, Clupeidae and Penaeidae, while adult diets had greater proportions of Sciaenidae, Ariidae and cephalopods. Our results were similar, although not identical to, other studies of Blacktip Shark diets in the northwestern GOM. Of note is finding of the mantis shrimp Squilla empusa, a species previously unreported in Blacktip Shark stomach contents. This new finding, the high importance of unidentified teleosts, and the lack of asymptote in the prey accumulation curve emphasize the need for further study of the Blacktip Shark diet in the northwestern GOM.

Oxygen consumption and gill surface area in Mesidothea entomon (L.) (isopoda, crustacea)

1978 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 595-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Babula ◽  
J Bielawski ◽  
J Sobieski
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Gill Surface Area

Evidence for multiple paternity and confirmation of an Indo-Pacific origin of blacktip shark Carcharhinus limbatus occurring in South Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-289
Author(s):  
AE Bester-van der Merwe ◽  
SN Maduna ◽  
KL Hull ◽  
J Bell ◽  
C Rossouw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Multiple Paternity ◽  
Blacktip Shark ◽  
Carcharhinus Limbatus

Circulatory and Ventilatory Responses of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) to Artificial Manipulation of Gill Surface Area

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1609-1614 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Gill Area ◽  
Gill Surface Area ◽  
The Brain

Reductions in surface area of the gill were artificially produced by ligating various gill arches and occluding their blood supply. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) responded to a 40–57% reduction in gill area, by increasing cardiac output and ventilation volume, and probably by redistributing blood within the remaining functional gill area. Fish with blood flow to gill arches one and three only, could maintain arterial PO2 at 90–100 mm Hg, whereas, in those with blood flow to arches three and four only, arterial PO2 fell to around 40 mm Hg. The presence of a chemoreceptor site for the regulation of arterial PO2 associated with the efferent blood vessels of arch number one is discussed. Such a receptor may be located in the pseudobranch or in the portion of the brain supplied with arterial blood from the first gill arch.

Agonistic Displays in the Blacktip Shark (Carcharhinus limbatus)

Copeia ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 2000 (1) ◽  
pp. 282-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erich K. Ritter ◽  
Alexander J. Godknecht
Keyword(s):  
Blacktip Shark ◽  
Carcharhinus Limbatus

scholarly journals Virtual endocasts of Eocene Paramys (Paramyinae): oldest endocranial record for Rodentia and early brain evolution in Euarchontoglires

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1823) ◽  
pp. 20152316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ornella C. Bertrand ◽  
Farrah Amador-Mughal ◽  
Mary T. Silcox
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Brain Evolution ◽  
Early Eocene ◽  
Olfactory Bulbs ◽  
Ancestral Condition ◽  
Relative Brain Size ◽  
Endocranial Volume

Understanding the pattern of brain evolution in early rodents is central to reconstructing the ancestral condition for Glires, and for other members of Euarchontoglires including Primates. We describe the oldest virtual endocasts known for fossil rodents, which pertain to Paramys copei (Early Eocene) and Paramys delicatus (Middle Eocene). Both specimens of Paramys have larger olfactory bulbs and smaller paraflocculi relative to total endocranial volume than later occurring rodents, which may be primitive traits for Rodentia. The encephalization quotients (EQs) of Pa. copei and Pa. delicatus are higher than that of later occurring (Oligocene) Ischyromys typus , which contradicts the hypothesis that EQ increases through time in all mammalian orders. However, both species of Paramys have a lower relative neocortical surface area than later rodents, suggesting neocorticalization occurred through time in this Order, although to a lesser degree than in Primates. Paramys has a higher EQ but a lower neocortical ratio than any stem primate. This result contrasts with the idea that primates were always exceptional in their degree of overall encephalization and shows that relative brain size and neocortical surface area do not necessarily covary through time. As such, these data contradict assumptions made about the pattern of brain evolution in Euarchontoglires.

High prevalence of skeletal deformity and reduced gill surface area in triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Aquaculture ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 198 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 369-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Sadler ◽  
P.M Pankhurst ◽  
H.R King
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Skeletal Deformity ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Gill Surface Area

scholarly journals Mapping Cortical Brain Asymmetry in 17,141 Healthy Individuals Worldwide via the ENIGMA Consortium

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang-Zhen Kong ◽  
Samuel R. Mathias ◽  
Tulio Guadalupe ◽  
Christoph Abé ◽  
Ingrid Agartz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Brain Asymmetry ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Intracranial Volume ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Future Studies

AbstractHemispheric asymmetry is a cardinal feature of human brain organization. Altered brain asymmetry has also been linked to some cognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders. Here the ENIGMA consortium presents the largest ever analysis of cerebral cortical asymmetry and its variability across individuals. Cortical thickness and surface area were assessed in MRI scans of 17,141 healthy individuals from 99 datasets worldwide. Results revealed widespread asymmetries at both hemispheric and regional levels, with a generally thicker cortex but smaller surface area in the left hemisphere relative to the right. Regionally, asymmetries of cortical thickness and/or surface area were found in the inferior frontal gyrus, transverse temporal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and entorhinal cortex. These regions are involved in lateralized functions, including language and visuospatial processing. In addition to population-level asymmetries, variability in brain asymmetry was related to sex, age, and brain size (indexed by intracranial volume). Interestingly, we did not find significant associations between asymmetries and handedness. Finally, with two independent pedigree datasets (N = 1,443 and 1,113, respectively), we found several asymmetries showing modest but highly reliable heritability. The structural asymmetries identified, and their variabilities and heritability provide a reference resource for future studies on the genetic basis of brain asymmetry and altered laterality in cognitive, neurological, and psychiatric disorders.Significance StatementLeft-right asymmetry is a key feature of the human brain's structure and function. It remains unclear which cortical regions are asymmetrical on average in the population, and how biological factors such as age, sex and genetic variation affect these asymmetries. Here we describe by far the largest ever study of cerebral cortical brain asymmetry, based on data from 17,141 participants. We found a global anterior-posterior 'torque' pattern in cortical thickness, together with various regional asymmetries at the population level, which have not been previously described, as well as effects of age, sex, and heritability estimates. From these data, we have created an on-line resource that will serve future studies of human brain anatomy in health and disease.

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