The objective of these studies was to determine the molecular basis for the activation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) gene transcription during prolonged submaximal exercise. Mice were fed a high-carbohydrate diet for 1 wk and exercised continuously by swimming for up to 120 min. The level of hepatic PEPCK mRNA increased progressively during exercise, reaching 510% above control, whereas transcription of the PEPCK gene increased 1,000%, before decreasing to control levels within 60 min of recovery. In transgenic mice carrying a chimeric gene consisting of the PEPCK promoter linked to a reporter gene for bovine growth hormone (bGH), PEPCK(-460)-bGH, the level of hepatic bGH mRNA increased by 490% in response to exercise, similar to the increase in the expression of the native PEPCK gene. However, in transgenic mice with a deletion of the glucocorticoid regulatory unit, PEPCK(-355)-bGH, bGH mRNA did not increase above control values. In transgenic mice with a block mutation in adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) regulatory regions -90/-82 and -250/-234, PEPCK cAMP response element 1 (CRE-1)/P3(1)-bGH, exercise increased bGH mRNA 260% above controls. Adrenalectomy (Adx) had no effect on PEPCK mRNA levels in nonexercised mice, whereas in adrenalectomized (Adx)-exercised mice, PEPCK mRNA increased only 80% above basal, and, in Adx mice injected with dexamethasone, PEPCK mRNA increased with exercise 570% above controls. Exercise was also associated with a large increase in transcription of the gene for the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBP-beta) and a smaller rise in transcription of c-jun gene, both of which returned to control levels during recovery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The role of gangliosides in the organisation of the node of Ranvier examined in glycosyltransferase transgenic mice
