Addressing Provider Shortages in Rural America: The Role of State Opt‐Out Policy Adoptions in Promoting Hospital Anesthesia Provision

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott L. Feyereisen ◽  
Neeraj Puro ◽  
William McConnell
Keyword(s):  
Rural America ◽  
Opt Out ◽  
Provider Shortages

The Moral Psychology of AI and the Ethical Opt-Out Problem

2020 ◽  
pp. 109-126
Author(s):  
Jean-François Bonnefon ◽  
Azim Shariff ◽  
Iyad Rahwan
Keyword(s):  
Moral Psychology ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Normative Ethics ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Opt Out ◽  
Moral Domains ◽  
Self Driving Cars

This chapter discusses the limits of normative ethics in new moral domains linked to the development of AI. In these new domains, people have the possibility to opt out of using a machine if they do not approve of the ethics that the machine is programmed to follow. In other words, even if normative ethics could determine the best moral programs, these programs would not be adopted (and thus have no positive impact) if they clashed with users’ preferences—a phenomenon that can be called “ethical opt-out.” The chapter then explores various ways in which the field of moral psychology can illuminate public perception of moral AI and inform the regulations of such AI. The chapter’s main focus is on self-driving cars, but it also explores the role of psychological science for the study of other moral algorithms.

COLLECTIVE REDRESS PROCEDURES–EUROPEAN DEBATES

2009 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan Fairgrieve ◽  
Geraint Howells
Keyword(s):  
Policy Development ◽  
National Level ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Member States ◽  
Collective Redress ◽  
Opt Out ◽  
Consumer Organizations ◽  
Civil Procedures ◽  
The Eu

AbstractCollective redress mechanisms for consumer claims seek both to allow legal systems to accommodate mass litigation without being overwhelmed and to enable litigation to be viable where individual claims would not be economic. The article maps a number of recent reforms and reform proposals relating to consumer collective redress at national level and comments on EU developments. It notes that there is insufficient recognition of the differences between schemes geared at managing mass litigation as opposed to those aimed at facilitating otherwise non-viable claims. There are however signs that a European style of collective redress procedure is developing, which emphasize the role of public authorities and consumer organizations as gatekeepers to collective redress. The EU is unlikely to be able to impose collective redress procedures on national civil procedures, but the EU could prompt Member States to reflect on the need for national reforms. There may be limited scope for an EU mechanism to address the problem of individually non-viable consumer claims. This would however have to address certain fundamental issues such as the opt-out mechanism, cy-près distribution and funding if consumer organizations are to be encouraged to bring such actions. At a legal doctrinal level, it is interesting to note the influence of comparative studies on policy development within Member States as well as at the EU level.

The Internet of Things and convenience

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 360-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Nolin ◽  
Nasrine Olson
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Value Drivers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Opt Out ◽  
Future Society ◽  
Critical Scrutiny ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore and engage with connections between the evolving technology of the Internet of Things (IoT) and notions of convenience. In particular, the concept of alpha convenience is introduced in order to articulate the broad scope of Internet “any-everything” connectivity, here called “alpha convenience.” Design/methodology/approach – The recommendations of Constructive Technology Assessment are followed in order to evaluate technology before implementation. The seven value drivers articulated by Fleisch (2010) are utilized in order to envision-specific aspects. Findings – Three critical aspects relating to alpha convenience are identified and discussed: gossiping technology, personalization and the disempowered smartphone user. It is argued that extreme forms of convenience shift traditional areas of human agency onto technology. It is also noted that alpha convenience tends to develop as ubiquitous feature of future society, making it difficult, if not impossible, to opt out. Research limitations/implications – The paper focusses on one powerful concept, although the IoT is merely one of several terms used to deliberate the role of next-generation information technology and society. Notable competitors include semantic web, ubiquitous computing, pervasive computing and ambient intelligence. Social implications – The IoT is predicted to be an intrusive feature into everyday life and the paper identifies important aspects. Originality/value – This is the first critical discussion of the IoT and convenience. The paper aims at conceptual innovation. Overall, there is a substantial lack of critical scrutiny of the emerging ideas of the IoT.

The Role of Local Development Organizations in Rural America*

2009 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Paul Green ◽  
Anna Haines ◽  
Adam Dunn ◽  
Daniel Monroe Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Local Development ◽  
Rural America ◽  
Development Organizations

THE ROLE OF DEFAULTS IN PREVENTING INNOVATION REJECTION

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (02) ◽  
pp. 1550023 ◽  
Author(s):  
SABINE KUESTER ◽  
SILKE C. HESS ◽  
ANDREAS HERRMANN
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
New Product ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Product Launch ◽  
Choice Data ◽  
New Product Launch ◽  
Opt Out ◽  
The Status ◽  
Managerial Implications

Innovation rejection remains a serious problem for companies introducing new products, as customers may overvalue products they already own and underestimate the innovation's advantage. Choice data from two experiments demonstrate that innovation rejection is determined by (dis)satisfaction with the status quo and that defaults are powerful instruments to overcome the status quo effect in innovation decision making. Innovation rejection decreases significantly if the innovation is implemented as a default, an option customers select unless they actively opt out. Furthermore, it is observed that implementing the innovation as the default significantly increases the perceived value and decreases the perceived risk of the innovation. Taking into account customer expertise, the authors detect that defaults are more effective in reducing innovation rejection for novices. The study derives managerial implications for new product launch management that aims at preventing innovation rejection.

Lives and choices, give and take: Altruism and organ procurement

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 587-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicky Thornton
Keyword(s):  
Organ Donation ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Organ Procurement ◽  
Statistical Evidence ◽  
Opting Out ◽  
Procurement Policy ◽  
Opt Out ◽  
Utilitarian Approach ◽  
Cadaveric Organ

In 2015, Wales introduced a deemed consent: soft opt-out system for organ procurement in order to address the chronic shortage of organs for transplant. Early statistical evidence suggests that this has had a positive impact on cadaveric organ donation. Such a system for procurement has previously been dismissed by the Organ Donation Taskforce, who suggested that opting out could potentially undermine the concept of donated organs as gifts and this could then negatively impact the number of organs offered for transplant. Considerable weight was placed upon the need to retain the altruistic gift element associated with an opt-in system. This article will consider the role of altruism in an organ procurement policy. A broad utilitarian approach will be taken when putting forward the arguments in favour of adopting a weak altruism position in a soft opt-out system for procurement with a combined registry.

Nanoparticle mediated gene therapy: a trailblazer armament to fight CNS disorders

2022 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annu ◽  
Saleha Rehman ◽  
Bushra Nabi ◽  
Ali Sartaj ◽  
Sanjula Baboota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Cns Disorders ◽  
Opt Out ◽  
Endogenous Genes ◽  
Or Genes

Abstract: Central nervous system (CNS) disorders account for boundless socioeconomic burdens with devastating effects among the population, especially the elderly. The major symptoms of these disorders are neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and cognitive dysfunction caused by inherited genetic mutations or by genetic and epigenetic changes due to injury, environmental factors, and disease-related events. Currently available clinical treatment for CNS diseases, i.e., Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, and brain tumor have significant side effects and are largely unable to halt the clinical progression. So, gene therapy displays a new paradigm in the treatment of these disorders with some modalities, varying from suppression of endogenous genes to expression of exogenous genes. Both viral and non-viral vectors are commonly used for gene therapy. Viral vectors are quite effective but associated with immunogenicity and carcinogenicity like severe side effects, and poor target cell specificity. Thus, non-viral vectors, mainly nanotherapeutics like nanoparticles (NPs), opt-out to be a realistic approach in gene therapy in achieving higher efficacy. NPs demonstrate a new avenue in pharmacotherapy for the delivery of drugs or genes to their selective cells or tissue thus providing concentrated and constant drug delivery to targeted tissues, minimizing systemic toxicity and side effects. The current review will emphasize the role of NPs in mediating gene therapy for CNS disorders treatment. Moreover, the challenges and perspectives of NPs in gene therapy will be summarized.

Physicians for Rural America: The Role of Institutional Commitment Within Academic Medical Centers

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Wheat ◽  
John C. Higginbotham ◽  
Jing Yu ◽  
James D. Leeper
Keyword(s):  
Academic Medical Centers ◽  
Institutional Commitment ◽  
Rural America ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
Academic Medical

The challenges in effectively involving rural Black parents of handicapped children

1987 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-18
Author(s):  
Blanche E. Glimps
Keyword(s):  
Learning Environment ◽  
Black Population ◽  
Black Families ◽  
Family Characteristics ◽  
Black Parents ◽  
Rural America ◽  
Handicapped Children ◽  
The Family ◽  
The U.S

Twenty-five percent of the U.S. Black population are now residents of nonmetropolitan regions, yet there has been little focus on contemporary Black educational concerns in rural America. In order to understand the challenges involved in educating rural Black handicapped youth, dynamics between youth and their learning environment must be examined. This article discusses the role of the family, characteristics of rural Black families, and the role of schools.

scholarly journals India's Goods and Services Tax: A Unique Experiment in Cooperative Federalism and a Constitutional Crisis in Waiting

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-445
Author(s):  
Ajitesh Kir
Keyword(s):  
Market Integration ◽  
Institutional Design ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Design Feature ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
National Market ◽  
Opt Out ◽  
Cooperative Federalism

It has long been argued that federal countries, especially those with strong subnational taxing powers, might face difficulty in implementing a federal value-added tax (VAT) because of coordination issues involved, and therefore might be reluctant to adopt one. This article provides insights on how VAT structures are evolving in federal systems, where different tiers of government have separate (and sometimes overlapping) taxation powers. While the author focuses mainly on India's recently enacted goods and services tax (GST), he also offers a comparative perspective, with reference to the GST/VAT systems in Canada, Brazil, and the European Union, thus adding to the hitherto limited body of scholarly work on VAT coordination in federal jurisdictions. The GST is arguably India's biggest tax reform in several decades. Introduced primarily to create a unified national market and bring an end to tax wars and economic distortions, the tax reform's chief slogan was "GST—one-nation-one-tax-one-market." This article takes a closer look at a unique institutional design feature of the Indian GST—a centre-state body called the GST council. What makes this body unique is that it is envisaged as functioning on the principles of cooperative federalism. But can a concurrent tax system, whose very survival is based on cooperative federalism, guarantee a unified national market? If yes, for how long? The author highlights the role of the GST council in market integration and explains why the council has succeeded on several fronts while failing on others. He also addresses an unresolved constitutional issue that could affect the GST council's ability to function as the fulcrum for cooperative federalism—namely, the question of whether its decisions are binding. The uncertainty surrounding this issue could lead to a constitutional crisis if one or more states decide to opt out. The author discusses four possible ways to deal with this impending crisis.

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