Long-term nutrient enrichment alters nematode trophic structure and body size in aSpartina alterniflorasalt marsh

Large female American lobsters, Homarus americanus (> 120 mm carapace length), maintained at nearshore Bay of Fundy temperatures often spawn twice without an intervening molt (consecutive spawning). Consecutive spawning occurs in two forms: successive-year (spawning in two successive summers, a molt in the first and fourth years) and alternate-year (spawning in alternate summers, a molt in the first and fifth years). In both types, females often are able to fertilize the two successive broods with the sperm from a single insemination (multiple fertilization). Twenty of 21 large females that were held for up to 13 yr displayed one of these types of consecutive spawning. Consecutive spawning and multiple fertilization enable large lobsters to spawn more frequently over the long term than their smaller counterparts. This, combined with the logarithmic relationship between body size and numbers of eggs produced, means that very large lobsters have a much greater relative fecundity than previously thought.

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Long-Term Changes in the Diet of Gymnogobius isaza from Lake Biwa, Japan: Effects of Body Size and Environmental Prey Availability

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0053167 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (12) ◽

pp. e53167 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Jonathan Carlo Briones ◽

Cheng-Han Tsai ◽

Takefumi Nakazawa ◽

Yoichiro Sakai ◽

Rey Donne S. Papa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Size ◽

Lake Biwa ◽

Prey Availability ◽

Long Term Changes

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Mass extinctions alter extinction and origination dynamics with respect to body size

Proceedings of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.2021.1681 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 288 (1960) ◽

Author(s):

Pedro M. Monarrez ◽

Noel A. Heim ◽

Jonathan L. Payne

Keyword(s):

Body Size ◽

Mass Extinction ◽

Evolutionary Biology ◽

Marine Animal ◽

Mass Extinctions ◽

Extinction Selectivity ◽

Extinction Events ◽

Mass Extinction Events ◽

Marine Biosphere

Whether mass extinctions and their associated recoveries represent an intensification of background extinction and origination dynamics versus a separate macroevolutionary regime remains a central debate in evolutionary biology. The previous focus has been on extinction, but origination dynamics may be equally or more important for long-term evolutionary outcomes. The evolution of animal body size is an ideal process to test for differences in macroevolutionary regimes, as body size is easily determined, comparable across distantly related taxa and scales with organismal traits. Here, we test for shifts in selectivity between background intervals and the ‘Big Five’ mass extinction events using capture–mark–recapture models. Our body-size data cover 10 203 fossil marine animal genera spanning 10 Linnaean classes with occurrences ranging from Early Ordovician to Late Pleistocene (485–1 Ma). Most classes exhibit differences in both origination and extinction selectivity between background intervals and mass extinctions, with the direction of selectivity varying among classes and overall exhibiting stronger selectivity during origination after mass extinction than extinction during the mass extinction. Thus, not only do mass extinction events shift the marine biosphere into a new macroevolutionary regime, the dynamics of recovery from mass extinction also appear to play an underappreciated role in shaping the biosphere in their aftermath.

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Elevated nonlinearity as indicator of transition to overexploitation in fish stocks

10.1101/051532 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Vasilis Dakos ◽

Sarah M. Glaser ◽

Chih-hao Hsieh ◽

George Sugihara

Keyword(s):

Trophic Structure ◽

Type Model ◽

Western Atlantic ◽

Economic Implications ◽

Fish Stocks ◽

As Species ◽

Abrupt Changes ◽

Risk Of Extinction ◽

Statistical Metrics

AbstractEcosystems may experience abrupt changes such as species extinctions, reorganisations of trophic structure, or transitions from stable population dynamics to strongly irregular fluctuations. Although most of these changes have important ecological and at times economic implications, they remain notoriously difficult to detect in advance. Here, we use a Ricker-type model to simulate the transition of a hypothetical stable fisheries population either to irregular boom-bust dynamics or to overexploitation. Our aim is to infer the risk of extinction in these two scenarios by comparing changes in variance, autocorrelation, and nonlinearity between unexploited and exploited populations. We find that changes in these statistical metrics reflect the risk of extinction but depend on the type of dynamical transition. Variance and nonlinearity increase similarly in magnitude along both transitions. In contrast, autocorrelation depends strongly on the presence of underlying oscillating dynamics. We also compare our theoretical expectations to indicators measured in long-term datasets of fish stocks from the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigation in the Eastern Pacific and from the Northeast Shelf in the Western Atlantic. Our results suggest that elevated variance and nonlinearity could be potentially used to rank exploited fish populations according to their risk of extinction.

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Metabolic plasticity can amplify ecosystem responses to global warming

10.21203/rs.3.rs-900406/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rebecca Kordas ◽

Samraat Pawar ◽

Guy Woodward ◽

Eoin O'Gorman

Keyword(s):

Global Warming ◽

Body Size ◽

Predictive Models ◽

Chronic Exposure ◽

Ecosystem Respiration ◽

Short Term ◽

Ecosystem Responses ◽

Metabolic Plasticity ◽

Ecosystem Level

Abstract Organisms have the capacity to alter their physiological response to warming through acclimation or adaptation, but empirical evidence for this metabolic plasticity across species within food webs is lacking, and a generalisable framework does not exist for modelling its ecosystem-level consequences. Here we show that the ability of organisms to raise their metabolic rate following chronic exposure to warming decreases with increasing body size. Chronic exposure to higher temperatures also increases the sensitivity of organisms to short-term warming, irrespective of their body size. A mathematical model parameterised with these findings shows that metabolic plasticity could account for an additional 60% of ecosystem energy flux with just +2 °C of warming. This could explain why ecosystem respiration continues to rise in long-term warming experiments and highlights the need to embed metabolic plasticity in predictive models of global warming impacts on ecosystems.

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Long-term declines in body size and shifts in run timing of Atlantic salmon in Ireland

Journal of Fish Biology ◽

10.1111/j.0022-1112.2006.01017.x ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 68 (6) ◽

pp. 1713-1730 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

T. P. Quinn ◽

P. McGinnity ◽

T. F. Cross

Keyword(s):

Body Size ◽

Atlantic Salmon ◽

And Shifts ◽

Run Timing

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Long‐term effects of nutrient enrichment controlling plant species and functional composition in a boreal rich fen

Journal of Vegetation Science ◽

10.1111/jvs.12674 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 907-920 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Dag‐Inge Øien ◽

Bård Pedersen ◽

Łukasz Kozub ◽

Klara Goldstein ◽

Mateusz Wilk

Keyword(s):

Plant Species ◽

Nutrient Enrichment ◽

Functional Composition ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Rich Fen

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Annual energy intake and early post-partum performance of beef heifers differing in body size and milk potential

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0308229600031019 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 1996 ◽

pp. 134-134

Author(s):

S. Yildiz ◽

K.D. Sinclair ◽

F.E. Gebbie ◽

P.J. Broadbent ◽

J.S.M. Hutchinson

Keyword(s):

Body Size ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Post Partum ◽

Ovarian Activity ◽

Term Study ◽

Beef Cow ◽

Long Term Study ◽

The Uk ◽

Different Levels

As part of a long term study to assess the suitability of beef cow genotypes, differing in body size and milk potential, for different forage environments within the UK, eight purebred Aberdeen Angus (AA; considered to be small and relatively non-milky) and eight purebred Simmental (Sm; considered to be large and relatively milky) heifers were placed on different levels of annual energy intake. Changes in body composition and milk yield were recorded and related to early post partum ovarian activity.

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