scholarly journals Plant parasitic cyst nematodes redirect host indole metabolism via NADPH oxidase‐mediated ROS to promote infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Divykriti Chopra ◽  
M. Shamim Hasan ◽  
Christiane Matera ◽  
Oliver Chitambo ◽  
Badou Mendy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nadph Oxidase ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Indole Metabolism ◽  
Plant Parasitic

scholarly journals Toward genetic modification of plant-parasitic nematodes: delivery of macromolecules to adults and expression of exogenous mRNA in second stage juveniles

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olaf Kranse ◽  
Helen Beasley ◽  
Sally Adams ◽  
Andre Pires-daSilva ◽  
Christopher Bell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Genetic Modification ◽  
The Body ◽  
Forward Genetics ◽  
Heterodera Schachtii ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Abstract Plant-parasitic nematodes are a continuing threat to food security, causing an estimated 100 billion USD in crop losses each year. The most problematic are the obligate sedentary endoparasites (primarily root knot nematodes and cyst nematodes). Progress in understanding their biology is held back by a lack of tools for functional genetics: forward genetics is largely restricted to studies of natural variation in populations and reverse genetics is entirely reliant on RNA interference. There is an expectation that the development of functional genetic tools would accelerate the progress of research on plant-parasitic nematodes, and hence the development of novel control solutions. Here, we develop some of the foundational biology required to deliver a functional genetic tool kit in plant-parasitic nematodes. We characterize the gonads of male Heterodera schachtii and Meloidogyne hapla in the context of spermatogenesis. We test and optimize various methods for the delivery, expression, and/or detection of exogenous nucleic acids in plant-parasitic nematodes. We demonstrate that delivery of macromolecules to cyst and root knot nematode male germlines is difficult, but possible. Similarly, we demonstrate the delivery of oligonucleotides to root knot nematode gametes. Finally, we develop a transient expression system in plant-parasitic nematodes by demonstrating the delivery and expression of exogenous mRNA encoding various reporter genes throughout the body of H. schachtii juveniles using lipofectamine-based transfection. We anticipate these developments to be independently useful, will expedite the development of genetic modification tools for plant-parasitic nematodes, and ultimately catalyze research on a group of nematodes that threaten global food security.

The genome and lifestage-specific transcriptomes of a plant-parasitic nematode and its host reveal susceptibility genes involved in trans-kingdom synthesis of vitamin B5

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahid Siddique ◽  
Zoran S. Radakovic ◽  
Clarissa Hiltl ◽  
Clement Pellegrin ◽  
Thomas J. Baum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Susceptibility Genes ◽  
Heterodera Schachtii ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Vitamin B5 ◽  
Dual Analysis ◽  
Plant Parasitic

AbstractPlant-parasitic nematodes are a major, and in some cases a dominant, threat to crop production in all agricultural systems. The relative scarcity of classical resistance genes highlights a pressing need to identify new ways to develop nematode-resistant germplasm. Here, we sequence and assemble a high-quality genome of the model cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii to provide a platform for the first system-wide dual analysis of host and parasite gene expression over time, covering all major stages of the interaction. This novel approach enabled the analysis of the hologenome of the infection site, to identify metabolic pathways that were incomplete in the parasite but complemented by the host. Using a combination of bioinformatic, genetic, and biochemical approaches, we show that the highly atypical completion of vitamin B5 biosynthesis by the parasitic animal, putatively enabled by a horizontal gene transfer from a bacterium, is critically important for parasitism. Knockout of either the plant-encoded or the now nematode-encoded steps in the pathway blocks parasitism. Our experiments establish a reference for cyst nematodes, use this platform to further our fundamental understanding of the evolution of plant-parasitism by nematodes, and show that understanding congruent differential expression of metabolic pathways represents a new way to find nematode susceptibility genes, and thereby, targets for future genome editing-mediated generation of nematode-resistant crops.

scholarly journals A New Class of Ubiquitin Extension Proteins Secreted by the Dorsal Pharyngeal Gland in Plant Parasitic Cyst Nematodes

2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 846-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Tytgat ◽  
Bartel Vanholme ◽  
Jan De Meutter ◽  
Myriam Claeys ◽  
Marjolein Couvreur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Syncytium Formation ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Heterodera Schachtii ◽  
Regulatory Function ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
New Class ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Pharyngeal Gland ◽  
Positively Charged ◽  
Plant Parasitic

By performing cDNA AFLP on pre- and early parasitic juveniles, we identified genes encoding a novel type of ubiquitin extension proteins secreted by the dorsal pharyngeal gland in the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. The proteins consist of three domains, a signal peptide for secretion, a mono-ubiquitin domain, and a short C-terminal positively charged domain. A gfp-fusion of this protein is targeted to the nucleolus in tobacco BY-2 cells. We hypothesize that the C-terminal peptide might have a regulatory function during syncytium formation in plant roots.

scholarly journals Plant Parasitic Nematodes and their management in crop production: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-338
Author(s):  
Honey Raj Mandal ◽  
Shambhu Katel ◽  
Sudeep Subedi ◽  
Jiban Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Bilateral Symmetry ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
The World ◽  
The Many ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Plant Parasitic Nematodes are small worm like transparent, bilateral symmetry, pseudocoelomate, multicellular, free living or parasitic microorganism which are predatory, aquatic, terrestrial, entopathogenic, ectoparasite, endoparasite, semi-endoparasite or sedentary. They cause substantial problems to major crops throughout the world, including vegetables, fruits, and grain crops. The root knot and cyst nematodes are economically important pests in numerous crops. Crop damage from nematodes is not readily apparent in most cases, and it often remains hidden by the many other factors limiting plant growth. In the past, the control of the nematodes has been based on the synthetic nematicides, the number of which has been drastically restricted in the EU because of their environmental side effects and subsequent restriction in European Union (EU) rules and regulations. Many other methods like cultural control, biological control, use of biotechnological tools and methods, use of resistant cultivars are tested and proven successful in controlling different species of nematodes all over the world. Alternatively, combinations of the different methods are proven to be highly effective both economically and environmentally.

Plant-parasitic nematode associated with wheat in central, eastern, and south-eastern Kazakhstan

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
İmren Mustafa ◽  
Göksel Özer ◽  
Timothy Paulitz ◽  
Alexei Morgounov ◽  
Abdelfattah A. Dababat
Keyword(s):  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Pratylenchus Neglectus ◽  
Wheat Production ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Heterodera Filipjevi ◽  
Central Eastern ◽  
Plant Parasitic ◽  
Eastern Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan is one of the biggest wheat producers, however, its wheat production is far below the average international wheat production standard due to biotic and abiotic stressors. Plant-parasitic nematodes are devastating for cereal production systems worldwide. A comprehensive survey was conducted in 2019 to identify plant-parasitic nematodes associated with wheat in different locations of central, eastern, and south-eastern Kazakhstan. The results revealed 33 root-lesion and 27 cyst nematode populations from the 77 localities sampled. These two genera occurred in separate or in mixed populations. The root-lesion populations were identified as Pratylenchus neglectus and P. thornei while all cyst nematodes were identified as Heterodera filipjevi. The identification of nematodes was firstly performed based on morphological and morphometric features and confirmed by BLAST and phylogenetic analyses based on the internal transcribed spacer and the D2-D3 expansion located in the 28S gene of ribosomal DNA for CCN and RLN populations, respectively. Pratylenchus neglectus and P. thornei populations from Kazakhstan showed a high similarity with the American, European, and Asian populations. Heterodera filipjevi populations formed a well-supported cluster with the corresponding populations from different countries and showed a slightly intraspecific polymorphism. Kazakhstan populations of H. filipjevi may have multiple introductions in Kazakhstan due to the divergence among them. The results of this study are of great importance for breeding programs and will enable awareness to extension advisors to develop measures to control these nematodes in cereal cropping areas in Kazakhstan.

scholarly journals A parasitic nematode releases cytokinin that controls cell division and orchestrates feeding site formation in host plants

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (41) ◽  
pp. 12669-12674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahid Siddique ◽  
Zoran S. Radakovic ◽  
Carola M. De La Torre ◽  
Demosthenis Chronis ◽  
Ondřej Novák ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Plant Hormone ◽  
Parasitic Nematode ◽  
Heterodera Schachtii ◽  
Cytokinin Signaling ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Sedentary plant-parasitic cyst nematodes are biotrophs that cause significant losses in agriculture. Parasitism is based on modifications of host root cells that lead to the formation of a hypermetabolic feeding site (a syncytium) from which nematodes withdraw nutrients. The host cell cycle is activated in an initial cell selected by the nematode for feeding, followed by activation of neighboring cells and subsequent expansion of feeding site through fusion of hundreds of cells. It is generally assumed that nematodes manipulate production and signaling of the plant hormone cytokinin to activate cell division. In fact, nematodes have been shown to produce cytokinin in vitro; however, whether the hormone is secreted into host plants and plays a role in parasitism remained unknown. Here, we analyzed the spatiotemporal activation of cytokinin signaling during interaction between the cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii, and Arabidopsis using cytokinin-responsive promoter:reporter lines. Our results showed that cytokinin signaling is activated not only in the syncytium but also in neighboring cells to be incorporated into syncytium. An analysis of nematode infection on mutants that are deficient in cytokinin or cytokinin signaling revealed a significant decrease in susceptibility of these plants to nematodes. Further, we identified a cytokinin-synthesizing isopentenyltransferase gene in H. schachtii and show that silencing of this gene in nematodes leads to a significant decrease in virulence due to a reduced expansion of feeding sites. Our findings demonstrate the ability of a plant-parasitic nematode to synthesize a functional plant hormone to manipulate the host system and establish a long-term parasitic interaction.

scholarly journals Attachment tests of Pasteuria penetrans to the cuticle of plant and animal parasitic nematodes, free living nematodes and srf mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Mendoza de Gives ◽  
K.G. Davies ◽  
M. Morgan ◽  
J.M. Behnke
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Pasteuria Penetrans ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Spore Attachment ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Populations of Pasteuria penetrans isolated from root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and cyst nematodes (Heterodera spp.) were tested for their ability to adhere to a limited selection of sheathed and exsheathed animal parasitic nematodes, free living nematodes, including Caenorhabditis elegans wild type and several srf mutants, and plant parasitic nematodes. The attachment of spores of Pasteuria was restricted and no spores were observed adhering to any of the animal parasitic nematodes either with or without their sheath or to any of the free living nematodes including C. elegans and the srf mutants. All spore attachment was restricted to plant parasitic nematodes; however, spores isolated from cyst nematodes showed the ability to adhere to other genera of plant parasitic nematodes which was not the case with spores isolated from root-knot nematodes. The results are discussed in relationship to cuticular heterogeneity.

scholarly journals The Complex Cell Wall Composition of Syncytia Induced by Plant Parasitic Cyst Nematodes Reflects Both Function and Host Plant

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Zhang ◽  
Catherine J. Lilley ◽  
Mustafa Imren ◽  
J. Paul Knox ◽  
Peter E. Urwin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Cell Wall Composition ◽  
Complex Cell ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Resistance genes against plant-parasitic nematodes: a durable control strategy?

Nematology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura J. Davies ◽  
Axel A. Elling
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
Plant Nematode ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Plant-parasitic nematodes are a major pest of all agricultural systems, causing extensive economic losses. Natural resistance (R) genes offer an alternative to chemical control and have been shown effectively to limit nematode damage to crops in the field. Whilst a number of resistant cultivars have conferred resistance against root-knot and cyst nematodes for many decades, an increasing number of reports of resistance-breaking nematode pathotypes are beginning to emerge. The forces affecting the emergence of virulent nematodes are complex, multifactorial and involve both the host and parasite of the plant-nematode interaction. This review provides an overview of the root-knot and cyst nematodeRgenes characterised to date, in addition to examining the evolutionary forces influencing nematode populations and the emergence of virulence. Finally, potential strategies to improveRgene durability in the field are outlined, and areas that would benefit from further research efforts are highlighted.

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