Root volatiles in plant–plant interactions II: Root volatiles alter root chemistry and plant–herbivore interactions of neighbouring plants

AbstractVolatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by plant leaves can influence the physiology of neighboring plants. In contrast to interactions above ground, little is known about the role of VOCs in belowground plant-plant interactions. Here, we characterize constitutive root volatile emissions of the spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) and explore the impact of these volatiles on the germination and growth of different sympatric plant species. We show that C. stoebe roots emit high amounts of sesquiterpenes, with estimated release rates of (E)-β-caryophyllene above 3 μg g−1 dw h−1. Sesquiterpene emissions show little variation between different C. stoebe populations, but vary substantially between different Centaurea species. Through root transcriptome sequencing, we identify six root-expressed sesquiterpene synthases (TPSs). Two root-specific TPSs, CsTPS4 and CsTPS5, are sufficient to produce the full blend of emitted root sesquiterpenes. Volatile exposure experiments demonstrate that C. stoebe root volatiles have neutral to positive effects on the germination and growth of different sympatric neighbors. Thus, constitutive root sesquiterpenes produced by two C. stoebe TPSs are associated with facilitation of sympatric neighboring plants. The release of root VOCs may thus influence C. stoebe abundance and plant community structure in nature.

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Leafminer attack induces plant-mediated facilitation of conspecific pupae in the soil

10.1101/2020.10.07.329763 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rocío Escobar-Bravo ◽

Bernardus CJ Schimmel ◽

Peter GL Klinkhamer ◽

Matthias Erb

Keyword(s):

Solanum Lycopersicum ◽

Defense Responses ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Chemical Analyses ◽

Jasmonate Signaling ◽

Herbivore Interactions ◽

Root Volatiles ◽

Serpentine Leafminer ◽

Plant Herbivore ◽

Antagonistic Interactions

AbstractPlants and herbivores are engaged in intimate antagonistic interactions, with plants trying to mount effective defense responses and herbivores attempting to manipulate plants for their own benefit. Here we report on a new mechanism by which herbivores can facilitate their own development. We show that tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaf attack by the American serpentine leafminer Lyriomiza trifolii accelerates the development of conspecific pupae in the soil adjacent to the plant. This pattern was reversed in the jasmonate-signaling deficient tomato mutant def-1. Chemical analyses revealed that L. trifolii leaf attack changes the production of root volatiles in a def-1 dependent manner. Thus, leaf-feeding herbivores can interact with their soil-dwelling pupae, and jasmonates and root volatiles likely play relevant roles in this phenomenon. This study expands the repertoire of plant-herbivore interactions to herbivory-induced modulation of metamorphosis.

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Volatile signaling in plant–plant–herbivore interactions: what is real?

Current Opinion in Plant Biology ◽

10.1016/s1369-5266(02)00263-7 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 351-354 ◽

Cited By ~ 119

Author(s):

Ian T Baldwin ◽

André Kessler ◽

Rayko Halitschke

Keyword(s):

Herbivore Interactions ◽

Plant Herbivore ◽

Plant Plant

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The Multifunctional Roles of Polyphenols in Plant-Herbivore Interactions

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22031442 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 1442

Author(s):

Sukhman Singh ◽

Ishveen Kaur ◽

Rupesh Kariyat

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Future Research ◽

Plant Interactions ◽

Plant Insect Interactions ◽

Physical Defenses ◽

Herbivore Interactions ◽

Insect Interactions ◽

Plant Herbivore

There is no argument to the fact that insect herbivores cause significant losses to plant productivity in both natural and agricultural ecosystems. To counter this continuous onslaught, plants have evolved a suite of direct and indirect, constitutive and induced, chemical and physical defenses, and secondary metabolites are a key group that facilitates these defenses. Polyphenols—widely distributed in flowering plants—are the major group of such biologically active secondary metabolites. Recent advances in analytical chemistry and metabolomics have provided an opportunity to dig deep into extraction and quantification of plant-based natural products with insecticidal/insect deterrent activity, a potential sustainable pest management strategy. However, we currently lack an updated review of their multifunctional roles in insect-plant interactions, especially focusing on their insect deterrent or antifeedant properties. This review focuses on the role of polyphenols in plant-insect interactions and plant defenses including their structure, induction, regulation, and their anti-feeding and toxicity effects. Details on mechanisms underlying these interactions and localization of these compounds are discussed in the context of insect-plant interactions, current findings, and potential avenues for future research in this area.

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Root volatiles in plant-plant interactions II: Root terpenes from Centaurea stoebe modify Taraxacum officinale root chemistry and root herbivore growth

10.1101/441790 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Wei Huang ◽

Valentin Gfeller ◽

Matthias Erb

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Taraxacum Officinale ◽

Plant Interactions ◽

White Grub ◽

Centaurea Stoebe ◽

Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽

Herbivore Interactions ◽

Root Herbivore ◽

Plant Herbivore ◽

The Impact

AbstractVolatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by plant roots can influence the germination and growth of neighboring plants. However, little is known about the effects of root VOCs on plant-herbivore interactions. The spotted knapeed (Centaurea stoebe) constitutively releases high amounts of sesquiterpenes into the rhizosphere. Here, we examine the impact of C. stoebe root VOCs on primary and secondary metabolites of sympatric Taraxacum officinale plants and the resulting plant-mediated effects on a generalist root herbivore, the white grub Melolontha melolontha. We show that exposure of T. officinale to C. stoebe root VOCs does not affect the accumulation of defensive secondary metabolites, but modulates carbohydrate and total protein levels in T. officinale roots. Furthermore, VOC exposure increases M. melolontha growth on T. officinale plants. Exposure of T. officinale to a major C. stoebe root VOC, the sesquiterpene (E)-β-caryophyllene, partially mimics the effect of the full root VOC blend on M. melolontha growth. Thus, releasing root VOCs can modify plant-herbivore interactions of neighboring plants. The release of VOCs to increase the susceptibility of other plants may be a form of plant offense.

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Dynamic Plant–Plant–Herbivore Interactions Govern Plant Growth–Defence Integration

Trends in Plant Science ◽

10.1016/j.tplants.2016.12.006 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 329-337 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Jorad de Vries ◽

Jochem B. Evers ◽

Erik H. Poelman

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Dynamic Plant ◽

Herbivore Interactions ◽

Plant Herbivore ◽

Plant Plant

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ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF PARTHENIUM HYSTEROPHORUS ON GERMINATION OF SORGHUM SEEDS

Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language ◽

10.21922/srjhsel.v6i26.11391 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (26) ◽

Author(s):

Jitendra Rajpoot

Keyword(s):

Biological System ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Plant Virus ◽

Evolutionary Origin ◽

Plant Interactions ◽

Biological Organization ◽

Plant Soil ◽

System A ◽

Allelopathic Effects ◽

Plant Plant

International Allelopathy Society has redefined Allelopathy as any process involving secondary metabolities produced by plants, algae, bacteria, fungi and viruses that influences the growth and development of agricultural and biological system; a study of the functions of secondary metabolities, their significance in biological organization, their evolutionary origin and elucidation of the mechanisms involving plant-plant, plant-microorganisms, plant-virus, plant-insect, plant-soil-plant interactions.

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Competition-free gaps are essential for the germination and recruitment of alpine species along an elevation gradient in the European Alps

Alpine Botany ◽

10.1007/s00035-021-00264-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Vera Margreiter ◽

Janette Walde ◽

Brigitta Erschbamer

Keyword(s):

Vegetation Cover ◽

Seedling Recruitment ◽

Environmental Control ◽

Elevation Gradient ◽

European Alps ◽

Plant Interactions ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Seed Sowing ◽

Plant Plant

AbstractSeed germination and seedling recruitment are key processes in the life cycle of plants. They enable populations to grow, migrate, or persist. Both processes are under environmental control and influenced by site conditions and plant–plant interactions. Here, we present the results of a seed-sowing experiment performed along an elevation gradient (2000–2900 m a.s.l.) in the European eastern Alps. We monitored the germination of seeds and seedling recruitment for 2 years. Three effects were investigated: effects of sites and home sites (seed origin), effects of gaps, and plant–plant interactions. Seeds of eight species originating from two home sites were transplanted to four sites (home site and ± in elevation). Seed sowing was performed in experimentally created gaps. These gap types (‘gap + roots’, ‘neighbor + roots’, and ‘no-comp’) provided different plant–plant interactions and competition intensities. We observed decreasing germination with increasing elevation, independent of the species home sites. Competition-released gaps favored recruitment, pointing out the important role of belowground competition and soil components in recruitment. In gaps with one neighboring species, neutral plant–plant interactions occurred (with one exception). However, considering the relative vegetation cover of each experimental site, high vegetation cover resulted in positive effects on recruitment at higher sites and neutral effects at lower sites. All tested species showed intraspecific variability when responding to the experimental conditions. We discuss our findings considering novel site and climatic conditions.

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Trichoderma Strains and Metabolites Selectively Increase the Production of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Olive Trees

Metabolites ◽

10.3390/metabo11040213 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 213

Author(s):

Irene Dini ◽

Roberta Marra ◽

Pierpaolo Cavallo ◽

Angela Pironti ◽

Immacolata Sepe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Volatile Organic Compounds ◽

Organic Compounds ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Lipid Signaling ◽

Plant Interactions ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Volatile Organic ◽

Trichoderma Fungi ◽

Olive Trees ◽

Plant Plant

Plants emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that induce metabolomic, transcriptomic, and behavioral reactions in receiver organisms, including insect pollinators and herbivores. VOCs’ composition and concentration may influence plant-insect or plant-plant interactions and affect soil microbes that may interfere in plant-plant communication. Many Trichoderma fungi act as biocontrol agents of phytopathogens and plant growth promoters. Moreover, they can stimulate plant defense mechanisms against insect pests. This study evaluated VOCs’ emission by olive trees (Olea europaea L.) when selected Trichoderma fungi or metabolites were used as soil treatments. Trichoderma harzianum strains M10, T22, and TH1, T. asperellum strain KV906, T. virens strain GV41, and their secondary metabolites harzianic acid (HA), and 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6PP) were applied to olive trees. Charcoal cartridges were employed to adsorb olive VOCs, and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis allowed their identification and quantification. A total of 45 volatile compounds were detected, and among these, twenty-five represented environmental pollutants and nineteen compounds were related to olive plant emission. Trichoderma strains and metabolites differentially enhanced VOCs production, affecting three biosynthetic pathways: methylerythritol 1-phosphate (MEP), lipid-signaling, and shikimate pathways. Multivariate analysis models showed a characteristic fingerprint of each plant-fungus/metabolite relationship, reflecting a different emission of VOCs by the treated plants. Specifically, strain M10 and the metabolites 6PP and HA enhanced the monoterpene syntheses by controlling the MEP pathway. Strains GV41, KV906, and the metabolite HA stimulated the hydrocarbon aldehyde formation (nonanal) by regulating the lipid-signaling pathway. Finally, Trichoderma strains GV41, M10, T22, TH1, and the metabolites HA and 6PP improve aromatic syntheses at different steps of the shikimate pathway.

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