Are metabolic syndrome antecedents in prepubertal children associated with being born idiopathic large for gestational age?

Abstract Context Birth size has an impact on later cardiometabolic risk that is strongly related to low-grade inflammation. Objective To evaluate plasma interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) concentrations in relation to birth size and cardiometabolic and inflammatory markers in prepubertal children. Design A cohort study. Anthropometric data were recorded. Fasting blood samples were collected for plasma analyses of IL-1ra, alanine transaminase, total cholesterol, high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterols, triglyceride, glucose, and serum analyses of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) concentrations. Participants Forty-nine large for gestational age (LGA), 56 appropriate for gestational age, and 23 small for gestational age (SGA) children at 5 to 8 years of age were examined. Main Outcome Measures Differences in IL-1ra concentrations among the birth-size groups and associations between IL-1ra and other metabolic markers were assessed. Results Body mass index (BMI) standard deviation score (SDS)-adjusted plasma IL-1ra concentrations were highest in the SGA- and lowest in the LGA-born children (P = 0.015). Age- and sex-adjusted IL-1ra concentrations had strongest associations with BMI SDS (P < 0.001) and hs-CRP (P < 0.001, also when further adjusted for BMI SDS). Conclusions Prepubertal children born SGA had the highest and those born LGA the lowest IL-1ra concentrations in this study cohort. Most associations found between IL-1ra and the studied metabolic parameters were weight related, but the association with hs-CRP remained strong after adjustment for BMI. It seems that at prepuberty, SGA children have a stronger inflammatory state than LGA children and may thus be at a greater risk for later metabolic disturbances.

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Visfatin Levels in Prepubertal Children Born Small or Large for Gestational Age

Hormone and Metabolic Research ◽

10.1055/s-0031-1299729 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 44 (02) ◽

pp. 135-139 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

V. Giapros ◽

D. Kiortsis ◽

E. Evagelidou ◽

A. Challa ◽

V. Cholevas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gestational Age ◽

Large For Gestational Age ◽

Prepubertal Children

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Metabolic syndrome in obese children born large for gestational age

The Indian Journal of Pediatrics ◽

10.1007/s12098-007-0108-9 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 74 (6) ◽

pp. 561-565 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Xiumin Wang ◽

Li Liang ◽

F. U. Junfen ◽

D. U. Lizhong

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Large For Gestational Age ◽

Obese Children

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Extreme Birth Weight and Metabolic Syndrome in Children

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu14010204 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 204

Author(s):

Teofana Otilia Bizerea-Moga ◽

Laura Pitulice ◽

Cristina Loredana Pantea ◽

Orsolya Olah ◽

Otilia Marginean ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Biological Data ◽

Large For Gestational Age ◽

Independent Effect ◽

Obese Patients ◽

Impaired Glucose Metabolism ◽

Obese Children

Small and large birth weights (BWs) for gestational age (GA) represent extremes, but the correlation between extreme BW and metabolic syndrome (MetS) has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we examined this correlation in obese children based on changes in their metabolic profile from childhood to adolescence. A retrospective observational study was performed on 535 obese patients aged 0–18 years in the Clinical and Emergency Hospital for Children “Louis Turcanu” in Timisoara, Romania, based on clinical and biological data from January 2015 to December 2019. We emphasized the links between extreme BW and obesity, extreme BW and cardiometabolic risk, obesity and cardiometabolic risk, and extreme BW, obesity and MetS. Children born large for gestational age (LGA) predominated over those born small for gestational age (SGA). Our findings showed that BW has an independent effect on triglycerides and insulin resistance, whereas obesity had a direct influence on hypertension, impaired glucose metabolism and hypertriglyceridemia. The influences of BW and obesity on the development of MetS and its components are difficult to separate; therefore, large prospective studies in normal-weight patients are needed.

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Ghrelin levels are decreased in non-obese prepubertal children born large for gestational age

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje-08-0924 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 160 (6) ◽

pp. 951-956 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Feyza Darendeliler ◽

Sukran Poyrazoglu ◽

Firdevs Bas ◽

Ozlem Sancakli ◽

Gulbin Gokcay

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Energy Homeostasis ◽

Standard Deviation Score ◽

Postnatal Growth ◽

Large For Gestational Age ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Prepubertal Children ◽

Increased Risk

BackgroundGhrelin is the natural ligand of GH secretagogue receptor. It has several metabolic functions including regulation of food intake, energy homeostasis, and body weight. An inverse relationship between fasting plasma ghrelin and insulin concentrations has been shown. Being born large for gestational age (LGA) has an increased risk of developing insulin resistance.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate ghrelin levels in LGA born children who have no obesity at prepubertal ages and the effect of intrauterine and postnatal growth on ghrelin levels.Patients and methodsThirty-two (17F, 15M) LGA born non-obese children (mean (±s.e.m.) age 4.4±0.3 years) were evaluated with respect to glucose, insulin, and ghrelin levels. Their data were compared with that of non-obese 45 (19F, 26M) appropriate for gestational age (AGA) children (mean (±s.e.m.) age 4.0±0.1 years).ResultsLGA children, who had similar age and body mass index (BMI) standard deviation score (SDS) as AGA children, had significantly higher insulin (P=0.044) and at a borderline significance higher homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance levels (P=0.054) than AGA children. Ghrelin level was significantly lower in LGA born than AGA born children (P=0.001) even after controlling for age, sex, and BMI (P=0.006). There were no differences between genders in insulin and ghrelin levels. Multivariate analysis revealed that birth weight was the only significant parameter influencing ghrelin levels (R2=0.13, B=−0.007, P=0.002).ConclusionsLGA born non-obese prepubertal children have lower ghrelin levels when compared with age and BMI matched AGA children. Birth weight seems to have the only significant effect on the reduced ghrelin levels.

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Associations of Size at Birth and Metabolic Syndrome Antecedents With Serum Spexin Levels in Prepubertal Children

Journal of the Endocrine Society ◽

10.1210/jendso/bvab048.1445 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. A709-A710

Author(s):

Fatma Duygu Ozturk Onsal ◽

Ahmet Ucar ◽

Ali Bulbul ◽

Zeynep Yildiz Yildirmak ◽

Gizem Kara Elitok

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Small For Gestational Age ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Prepubertal Children ◽

Excess Adiposity ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Idefics Study ◽

Size At Birth

Abstract Background: Spexin is a novel peptide implicated in food intake and obesity. The primary aim of this study was to analyze whether serum spexin levels, along with total leptin and active ghrelin levels were different in prepubertal children born small for gestational age(SGA) and appropriate for gestational(AGA). Secondary aims were to analyze whether serum spexin, leptin and active ghrelin levels correlated with metabolic syndrome(MS)antecedents according to the Dietary and lifestyle-induced health effects in children and infants (IDEFICS)study. Subjects and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on prepubertal37SGA- (median:5.6yr)and50prepubertalAGA-born children(median:5.9yr). Anthropometric data, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance(HOMAIR),plasma lipids, serum spexin, total leptin and active ghrelin levels were analyzed. Associations of serum spexin levels with MS antecedents according to the IDEFICS study were investigated. Results: Children bornSGA had higher body mass index and waist circumference than AGA-born peers(p <0.05). Serum total leptin levels were higher in SGA-born children than in AGA-born peers (p<0.05). Plasma active ghrelin and spexin levels were not different between the subgroups(p>0.05). Children bornSGA had higher MS risk scores than AGA-born peers(p <0.05). Small for gestational age- born children had higher plasma glucose,insulin and HOMA-IR than AGA-born peers(p<0.05). In children born SGA, the number of subjects with excess adiposity (NSGA=18(43.9%)andNAGA=7(14%),p=0.016)and insulin resistance(NSGA=14(34%) andNAGA=6(12%),p=0.035)was higher than in AGA-born peers. There was no significant difference in frequency of dyslipidemia between the subgroups(p=0.19). The frequency of children with more than one MS antecedent was higher in SGA-born children than in AGA-born peers(Chi-Square p <0.01). Metabolic syndrome risk score according to IDEFICS was higher in SGA born children than in AGA-born peers(2.2±1.8vs1.1±1.8;p=0.008). Serum spexin levels were lower in children with MS antecedents than those without MS antecedents in both AGA -and SGA-born children[Serum spexin levels in AGA-born children with and without MS antecedents: 48,5pg/mL(25-75%IQR:19.8-93.8pg/mL)and143pg/mL(25-75%IQR:104-211pg/mL),p<0.001;respectively, serum spexin levels inSGAborn children with and without MS antecedents: 31,0pg/mL(25-75%IQR:16.5-47.0 pg/mL) and79.5pg/mL(25-75% IQR:49.5-274.8pg/mL),p=0,0016;respectively]. In the whole study group, the most important factor associated with excess adiposity was history of being born SGA(OddsRatio=91.3[95%CI:2.2-374;p=0.017] Conclusions: Serum spexin levels were not different inSGA- and AGA-born children. Serum spexin levels were reduced in children with MS antecedents independent of size at birth.

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