scholarly journals Ghrelin levels are decreased in non-obese prepubertal children born large for gestational age

2009 ◽  
Vol 160 (6) ◽  
pp. 951-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feyza Darendeliler ◽  
Sukran Poyrazoglu ◽  
Firdevs Bas ◽  
Ozlem Sancakli ◽  
Gulbin Gokcay
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Standard Deviation Score ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Prepubertal Children ◽  
Increased Risk

BackgroundGhrelin is the natural ligand of GH secretagogue receptor. It has several metabolic functions including regulation of food intake, energy homeostasis, and body weight. An inverse relationship between fasting plasma ghrelin and insulin concentrations has been shown. Being born large for gestational age (LGA) has an increased risk of developing insulin resistance.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate ghrelin levels in LGA born children who have no obesity at prepubertal ages and the effect of intrauterine and postnatal growth on ghrelin levels.Patients and methodsThirty-two (17F, 15M) LGA born non-obese children (mean (±s.e.m.) age 4.4±0.3 years) were evaluated with respect to glucose, insulin, and ghrelin levels. Their data were compared with that of non-obese 45 (19F, 26M) appropriate for gestational age (AGA) children (mean (±s.e.m.) age 4.0±0.1 years).ResultsLGA children, who had similar age and body mass index (BMI) standard deviation score (SDS) as AGA children, had significantly higher insulin (P=0.044) and at a borderline significance higher homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance levels (P=0.054) than AGA children. Ghrelin level was significantly lower in LGA born than AGA born children (P=0.001) even after controlling for age, sex, and BMI (P=0.006). There were no differences between genders in insulin and ghrelin levels. Multivariate analysis revealed that birth weight was the only significant parameter influencing ghrelin levels (R2=0.13, B=−0.007, P=0.002).ConclusionsLGA born non-obese prepubertal children have lower ghrelin levels when compared with age and BMI matched AGA children. Birth weight seems to have the only significant effect on the reduced ghrelin levels.

Adiponectin is an indicator of insulin resistance in non-obese prepubertal children born large for gestational age (LGA) and is affected by birth weight

2009 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 710-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feyza Darendeliler ◽  
Sukran Poyrazoglu ◽  
Ozlem Sancakli ◽  
Firdevs Bas ◽  
Gulbin Gokcay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Prepubertal Children

scholarly journals Plasma IL-1 Receptor Antagonist Concentration Has an Inverse Association With Birth Weight in Prepubertal Children

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 232-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrikki Nordman ◽  
Raimo Voutilainen ◽  
Leena Antikainen ◽  
Jarmo Jääskeläinen
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Standard Deviation Score ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Birth Size ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Prepubertal Children ◽  
Hs Crp

Abstract Context Birth size has an impact on later cardiometabolic risk that is strongly related to low-grade inflammation. Objective To evaluate plasma interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) concentrations in relation to birth size and cardiometabolic and inflammatory markers in prepubertal children. Design A cohort study. Anthropometric data were recorded. Fasting blood samples were collected for plasma analyses of IL-1ra, alanine transaminase, total cholesterol, high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterols, triglyceride, glucose, and serum analyses of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) concentrations. Participants Forty-nine large for gestational age (LGA), 56 appropriate for gestational age, and 23 small for gestational age (SGA) children at 5 to 8 years of age were examined. Main Outcome Measures Differences in IL-1ra concentrations among the birth-size groups and associations between IL-1ra and other metabolic markers were assessed. Results Body mass index (BMI) standard deviation score (SDS)-adjusted plasma IL-1ra concentrations were highest in the SGA- and lowest in the LGA-born children (P = 0.015). Age- and sex-adjusted IL-1ra concentrations had strongest associations with BMI SDS (P < 0.001) and hs-CRP (P < 0.001, also when further adjusted for BMI SDS). Conclusions Prepubertal children born SGA had the highest and those born LGA the lowest IL-1ra concentrations in this study cohort. Most associations found between IL-1ra and the studied metabolic parameters were weight related, but the association with hs-CRP remained strong after adjustment for BMI. It seems that at prepuberty, SGA children have a stronger inflammatory state than LGA children and may thus be at a greater risk for later metabolic disturbances.

scholarly journals Large-for-gestational-age phenotypes and obesity risk in adulthood: a study of 195,936 women

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
José G. B. Derraik ◽  
Sarah E. Maessen ◽  
John D. Gibbins ◽  
Wayne S. Cutfield ◽  
Maria Lundgren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Ponderal Index ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Adjusted Relative Risk ◽  
Obesity Risk ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
Using Data

AbstractWhile there is evidence that being born large-for-gestational-age (LGA) is associated with an increased risk of obesity later in life, the data are conflicting. Thus, we aimed to examine the associations between proportionality at birth and later obesity risk in adulthood. This was a retrospective study using data recorded in the Swedish Birth Register. Anthropometry in adulthood was assessed in 195,936 pregnant women at 10–12 weeks of gestation. All women were born at term (37–41 weeks of gestation). LGA was defined as birth weight and/or length ≥2.0 SDS. Women were separated into four groups: appropriate-for-gestational-age according to both weight and length (AGA – reference group; n = 183,662), LGA by weight only (n = 4,026), LGA by length only (n = 5,465), and LGA by both weight and length (n = 2,783). Women born LGA based on length, weight, or both had BMI 0.12, 1.16, and 1.08 kg/m2 greater than women born AGA, respectively. The adjusted relative risk (aRR) of obesity was 1.50 times higher for those born LGA by weight and 1.51 times for LGA by both weight and height. Length at birth was not associated with obesity risk. Similarly, women born LGA by ponderal index had BMI 1.0 kg/m2 greater and an aRR of obesity 1.39 times higher than those born AGA. Swedish women born LGA by weight or ponderal index had an increased risk of obesity in adulthood, irrespective of their birth length. Thus, increased risk of adult obesity seems to be identifiable from birth weight and ignoring proportionality.

scholarly journals Increased Oxidative Stress in Prepubertal Children Born Small for Gestational Age

2007 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 1372-1378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelika Mohn ◽  
Valentina Chiavaroli ◽  
Marina Cerruto ◽  
Annalisa Blasetti ◽  
Cosimo Giannini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Antioxidant Status ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Homeostasis Model Assessment ◽  
Prepubertal Children ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Context: Low birth weight is associated with an increased risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. The development of insulin resistance (IR) seems to play a pivotal role; no data on the oxidant-antioxidant status are available in this risk group. Objective: This study is an assessment of oxidant-antioxidant status in prepubertal children born small for gestational age (SGA) in comparison to healthy controls and the relationship to IR. Design: This cross-sectional study compares indexes of IR and oxidant-antioxidant status in three different groups (SGA+, SGA−, controls), with analysis by post hoc and Pearson correlation. Setting: The study was conducted in the Academic Department of Pediatrics. Participants: A total of 19 SGA+ and 16 SGA− children were compared with 13 controls. Intervention: No intervention was used. Main Outcome Measures: Indexes of IR (glucose to insulin ratio, homeostasis model assessment of IR) were evaluated, and markers of oxidative stress (lag phase, malonildialdehyde, vitamin E) were measured. Results: Homeostasis model assessment of IR was significantly higher in SGA+ than SGA− children (1.32 ± 0.9 vs. 0.69 ± 0.47; P = 0.03) and controls (0.71 ± 0.37; P = 0.04). Glucose to insulin ratio was significantly lower in SGA+ than SGA− children (12.41 ± 5.01 vs. 26.54 ± 17.18; P = 0.02) and controls (26.96 ± 20.70; P = 0.04). Lag phase was significantly shorter in SGA+ than SGA− children (24.3 ± 4.38 vs. 35.59 ± 11.29 min; P = 0.003) and controls (45.28 ± 7.69 min; P = 0.0001) and in SGA− than controls (P = 0.01). Malonildialdehyde was significantly higher in SGA+ than SGA− children (0.79 ± 0.3 vs. 0.6 ± 0.1 nmol/mg; P = 0.03) and controls (0.36 ± 0.04 nmol/mg; P = 0.0001) and in SGA− children than controls (P = 0.02). Vitamin E was significantly reduced in SGA+ children than controls (27.54 ± 7.9 vs. 43.23 ± 11.32 μmol/liter; P = 0.002). Conclusion: Oxidative stress is present in both SGA+ and SGA− children, with a continuous alteration in relation to IR. Therefore, catch-up growth might exert the greatest influence in the development of future diseases.

scholarly journals Gestational Weight Gain Influences Neonatal Outcomes in Women With Obesity and Gestational Diabetes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana M Ramos-Levi ◽  
Gemma Rodriguez-Carnero ◽  
Cristina Garcia-Fontao ◽  
Antia Fernandez-Pombo ◽  
Paula Andújar-Plata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Gestational Weight Gain ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Gestational Weight ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background. Obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are associated to increased risk of perinatal complications and obesity in the offspring. However, the impact of gestational weight gain (GWG) on maternal and fetal outcomes has led to controversial results. Research design and methods. Retrospective study of 220 women with GDM and pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2. Pregnant women were classified according to the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations regarding prior BMI and GWG. We evaluated the impact of GWG on birth weight and perinatal outcomes. Results. Mean maternal age was 34.7±5.3 years. Pre-pregnancy obesity was classified as grade I in 55.3% of cases, grade II in 32.0%, and grade III in 12.7%. GWG was adequate (5-9kg) in 24.2%, insufficient (< 5kg) in 41.8% and excessive (> 9kg) in 34.2%. Birthweight was within normal range in 81.9%, 3.6% were small for gestational age (SGA) and 14.4% were large for gestational age (LGA). Insufficient GWG was associated to a higher rate of SGA offspring, excessive GWG was associated to LGA and adequate GWG to normal birth weight. Conclusion. GWG in women with pre-pregnancy obesity and GDM impacts neonatal birthweight. Insufficient GWG is associated to SGA and excessive GWG is associated to LGA. Women with adequate GWG according to IOM guidelines obtained better perinatal outcomes.

Congenital Heart Disease in non-Diabetic Large-for-Gestational-Age (LGA) Neonates

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid Firouzi ◽  
Hamidreza Sherkatolabbasieh ◽  
Alireza Nezami ◽  
Shiva Shafizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Congenital Heart Diseases ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Heart Abnormalities

Background: Congenital heart diseases are the most prevalent congenital abnormalities in the neonates, caused by the environmental and genetic factors and contribute to the leading cause of death. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between neonates with large for gestational age and increased risk of congenital heart diseases among nondiabetic mothers. Methods: In this study, 179 neonates with large for gestational age in Khorramabad were enrolled where heart abnormalities were evaluated using echocardiography. Results: 87 neonates had more than 4000 g of the birth weight with no heart abnormalities and 92 (51%) macrosomic neonates had congenital heart diseases. Statistical analysis revealed that there was a significant relationship between birth weight and increased risk of acquiring congenital heart disease between the two groups. There was no significant relationship between birth weight, maternal age, gender, labor type and blood group between the two groups. The highest incidence of congenital heart anomalies was related to 38% of arterial septal defect (ASD) and 15.2% of ASD and VSD, respectively Conclusion: The most prevalent abnormality was arterial septal ASD. None of these abnormalities were associated with maternal age, birth weight and neonate gender. Future studies for congenital heart disease and neonatal birth weight are therefore, recommended.

scholarly journals Genetic Risk Score for Prediction of Newborn Adiposity and Large-for-Gestational-Age Birth

2014 ◽  
Vol 99 (11) ◽  
pp. E2377-E2386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reeti Chawla ◽  
Sylvia E. Badon ◽  
Janani Rangarajan ◽  
Anna C. Reisetter ◽  
Loren L. Armstrong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Risk Score ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Genetic Risk Score ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Adult Obesity ◽  
Maternal Genotype ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Newborn Size

Context: Macrosomic infants are at increased risk for adverse metabolic outcomes. Improving prediction of large-for-gestational-age (LGA) birth may help prevent these outcomes. Objective: This study sought to determine whether genes associated with obesity-related traits in adults are associated with newborn size, and whether a genetic risk score (GRS) predicts LGA birth. Setting and Design: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 40 regions associated with adult obesity-related traits were tested for association with newborn size. GRS's for birth weight and sum of skinfolds (SSF) specific to ancestry were calculated using the most highly associated SNP for each ancestry in genomic regions with one or more SNPs associated with birth weight and/or SSF in at least one ancestry group or meta-analyses. Participants: Newborns from the Hyperglycemia Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Study were studied (942 Afro-Caribbean, 1294 Northern European, 573 Mexican-American, and 1182 Thai). Outcome Measures: Birth weight &gt;90th percentile (LGA) and newborn SSF &gt;90th percentile were primary outcomes. Results: After adjustment for ancestry, sex, gestational age at delivery, parity, maternal genotype, maternal smoking/alcohol intake, age, body mass index, height, blood pressure and glucose, 25 and 23 SNPs were associated (P &lt; .001) with birth weight and newborn SSF, respectively. The GRS was highly associated with both phenotypes as continuous variables across all ancestries (P ≤ 1.6 × 10−19) and improved prediction of birth weight and SSF &gt;90th percentile when added to a baseline model incorporating the covariates listed above. Conclusions: A GRS comprised of SNPs associated with adult obesity-related traits may provide an approach for predicting LGA birth and newborn adiposity beyond established risk factors.

Nutrition in pregnancy

2020 ◽  
pp. 2568-2574
Author(s):  
David J. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Normal Body Mass Index ◽  
Nutritional Advice ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The World ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Access To Food

Nutritional requirements for healthy pregnancy vary according to a woman’s pre-pregnancy nutritional state and her access to food during pregnancy: there is no unifying nutritional advice that is appropriate for all pregnant women throughout the world, or even within nations. Around the world, obesity and excessive gestational weight gain are now more common risk factors for pregnancy complications than undernutrition. Compared with mothers who have a normal body mass index or BMI (18.5–24.9 kg/m2), obese mothers have an increased risk of gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, caesarean delivery, stillbirth, congenital malformations, and large for gestational age babies. Underweight mothers have an increased risk of small for gestational age babies, and preterm birth. Paternal obesity has a negative effect on fetal growth, probably mediated by inheritance of insulin resistance. Both low birth weight and high birth weight babies have an increased risk of obesity in later life.

IGF-II expression and methylation in small for gestational age infants

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (5-6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shulian Zhang ◽  
Guanpeng Zhai ◽  
Jin Wang ◽  
Wenjing Shi ◽  
Rong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Status ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age

AbstractLow birth weight is associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes in many diseases in adult life. We investigated the expression of IGF-II and the status of differentially methylated regions (DMR) in small for gestational age (SGA) infants after birth.Plasma IGF-II, IGF-II receptor (IGF2R), IGF-I, and IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) levels were measured after birth in 150 newborn infants. These included 30 term appropriate for gestational age (AGA), 30 term SGA, 30 term large for gestational age (LGA), 30 preterm AGA, and 30 preterm SGA infants.Plasma IGF-II levels after birth were lower in both term SGA (435.1±33.82 vs. 620.4±44.79, p=0.002) and LGA infants (483.7±33.8 vs. 620.42±44.79, p=0.018) than in term AGA infants. The expression ofIGF-II was associated with birth weight and expressed at high levels, which suggests that IGF-II may continue to play an important role after birth.

scholarly journals Effect of maternal weight gain according to the Institute of Medicine recommendations on pregnancy outcomes in a Chinese population

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 4397-4412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Guan ◽  
Fei Tang ◽  
Guoqiang Sun ◽  
Wei Ren
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Maternal Weight ◽  
Increased Risk

Objective This study aimed to analyze the effects of maternal weight on adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods Data were retrospectively collected from a hospital in Wuhan, China. A total of 1593 pregnant women with singletons were included. Adverse outcomes during pregnancy, such as small for gestational age (SGA), large for gestational age (LGA), and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP) were analyzed. Results The risks of low birth weight, SGA, and preterm birth were significantly higher in the inadequate gestational weight gain (GWG) group compared with the adequate GWG group. GWG over the guidelines was related to a higher risk of macrosomia, LGA, cesarean section, and HDP than GWG within the guidelines. The risks of low birth weight (OR = 5.082), SGA (OR = 3.959), preterm birth (OR = 3.422), and gestational diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.784) were significantly higher in women with a normal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and inadequate GWG compared with women with a normal pre-pregnancy BMI and adequate GWG. The risks of macrosomia (OR = 3.654) and HDP (OR = 1.992) were increased in women with normal pre-pregnancy BMI and excessive GWG. Conclusion Women with an abnormal BMI and inappropriate GWG have an increased risk of adverse maternal and infant outcomes. Weight management during the perinatal period is required.

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