Virulence and pCM1 plasmid carriage are related to BOX‐PCR fingerprint type in strains of
            Clavibacter michiganensis
            subsp.
            michiganensis
            that cause bacterial wilt and canker of tomato in Argentina

Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis causes bacterial wilt and canker disease of tomato. The objectives of this research were i) to characterize and identify the most aggressive Cmm in Chignahuapan, Puebla, ii) to evaluate the tolerance in two phenological stages of 10 tomato varieties to infection by CP_Cmm1 in the greenhouse and the in vitro sensitivity of the bacteria to bactericides. 12 Cmm isolates were collected from tomato plants and a strain (CP_Cmm-1) with greater aggressiveness was selected according to the time of manifestation of symptoms in plants of var. Reserva. Afterward, the strain was inoculated by cutting with scissors embedded in a suspension with 3 x 108 UFC mL-1 in two phenological stages (at five and 10 true leaves). Symptoms were evaluated for 30 days after inoculation. Additionally, the sensitivity of CP_Cmm-1 to eight commercial bactericides in vitro was evaluated. The results showed that the CP_Cmm-1 strain was identified with 97% similarity with the API20 E system, positive with DAS-ELISA, and by PCR it showed 96.6% identity with Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. The Saher variety showed greater tolerance to infection (* = p?0.05) both in the stage of five and 10 leaves; the varieties Sv4401, Nápoles, and Súper óptimo showed greater susceptibility in the five-leaf stage. The Sv4401 variety was highly susceptible in both stages. Neither variety was resistant to infection by CP_Cmm-1. The use of the Sahel variety and kasugamycin could reduce the damage of this bacteria.

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First Report of Goss’s Bacterial Wilt and Leaf Blight on Corn Caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis in Alberta, Canada

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-11-14-1117-pdn ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 99 (7) ◽

pp. 1034 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

R. J. Howard ◽

M. W. Harding ◽

J. Lynn ◽

L. M. Kawchuk ◽

N. M. Rasmussen

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Wilt ◽

Leaf Blight ◽

Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽

First Report ◽

Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp

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Wilt Pathogens of Solanaceae in Tanzania: Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, Pseudomonas corrugata, and Ralstonia solanacearum

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.1999.83.11.1070a ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 83 (11) ◽

pp. 1070-1070 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

R. Black ◽

S. Seal ◽

Z. Abubakar ◽

R. Nono-Womdim ◽

I. Swai

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Wilt ◽

Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽

Polymyxin B ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Bacterial Canker ◽

Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽

Pseudomonas Corrugata ◽

Tomato Seed ◽

Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp ◽

Northern Highlands

Surveys of vegetables in the southern and northern growing regions of mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar during 1997 and 1998 indicated the presence of three wilt pathogens of tomato. Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (cause of bacterial canker) was isolated from wilting plants in the southern highlands and Lushoto District (Tanga Region, north) on selective King's medium B with polymyxin B (1). The identity of the isolates was confirmed by cultural, morphological, and biochemical characteristics and a plate-trapped antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (PTA-ELISA) kit (Pathoset 113-08, Adgen, Auchincruive, U.K.). Pathogenicity was confirmed by host inoculation. In addition, the bacterium was detected directly by the same methods in several sources of seed, including commercial farmers' saved seed and seed extracted from infected plants. Of 61 tomato seed lots tested, 18 samples were positive. Ralstonia solanacearum (cause of bacterial wilt) was isolated from tomato and potato by semiselective media and detected directly in stem and tuber tissues, respectively, by polymerase chain reaction and ELISA (4) in all vegetable-growing areas surveyed. In 1998, R. solanacearum was detected for the first time in Zanzibar on tomato and eggplant. Pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculation on and reisolation from tomato seedlings of cv. Money Maker. Only biovar 3 (2) occurred in tomato. Biovar 3 also was found in midaltitude potato. Biovar 2 has been found only in potato plants grown above 1,500 m. Pseudomonas corrugata (cause of pith necrosis) was isolated from tomato on semiselective media at only one location. From wilted tomato plants in the southern highlands, 38% of samples tested positive for C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and ≈ 10% for R. solanacearum. Of samples collected from the northern highlands, 43% tested positive for R. solanacearum. Wilt incidence of ≈35% was observed in tomato fields where the bacterial wilt pathogen was isolated in the northern highlands compared with gt;90% incidence and almost total crop loss in tomato fields of the southern highlands infected with bacterial canker. Although all three pathogens caused systemic wilt of plants, bacterial canker occasionally caused downward turning of lower leaves, unilateral wilting, and marginal necrosis of leaflets as well as fruit spotting. In general, wilts caused by C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, R. solanacearum, and P. corrugata were not readily differentiated in Tanzania prior to this research. Plants with pith browning had often been assumed to be infected by P. corrugata, until R. solanacearum was isolated (3) frequently from such plants. References: (1) Anonymous. OEPP/EPPO Bull. 22:219, 1992. (2) A. C. Hayward. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 27:265, 1964. (3) J. B. Jones et al., eds. 1991. Compendium of Tomato Diseases. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. (4) S. Seal and J. G. Elphinstone. Pages 35–57 in: Bacterial Wilt. The Disease and Its Causative Agent, Pseudomonas solanacearum. A. C. Hayward and G. L. Hartman, eds. CAB International, Wallingford, U.K. 1994.

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The Endo-β-1,4-glucanase CelA of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis Is a Pathogenicity Determinant Required for Induction of Bacterial Wilt of Tomato

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi.2000.13.7.703 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 703-714 ◽

Cited By ~ 97

Author(s):

Holger Jahr ◽

Jens Dreier ◽

Dietmar Meletzus ◽

Rainer Bahro ◽

Rudolf Eichenlaub

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Wilt ◽

Catalytic Domain ◽

Gene Replacement ◽

Initiation Site ◽

Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽

Transcriptional Initiation ◽

Phytopathogenic Bacterium ◽

Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp ◽

Pathogenicity Determinant ◽

Cellulose Binding

The phytopathogenic bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis NCPPB382, which causes bacterial wilt and canker of tomato, harbors two plasmids, pCM1 (27.35 kb) and pCM2 (72 kb), encoding genes involved in virulence (D. Meletzus, A. Bermpohl, J. Dreier, and R. Eichenlaub, 1993, J. Bacteriol. 175:2131–2136; J. Dreier, D. Meletzus, and R. Eichenlaub, 1997, Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 10:195–206). The region of pCM1 carrying the endoglucanase gene celA was mapped by deletion analysis and complementation. RNA hybridization identified a 2.4-knt (kilonucleotide) transcript of the celA structural gene and the transcriptional initiation site was mapped. The celA gene encodes CelA, a protein of 78 kDa (746 amino acids) with similarity to endo-β-1,4-glucanases of family A1 cellulases. CelA has a three-domain structure with a catalytic domain, a type IIa-like cellulose-binding domain, and a C-terminal domain. We present evidence that CelA plays a major role in pathogenicity, since wilt induction capability is obtained by endoglucanase expression in plasmid-free, nonvirulent strains and by complementation of the CelA- gene-replacement mutant CMM-H4 with the wild-type celA gene.

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Factors Affecting the Development and Severity of Goss’s Bacterial Wilt and Leaf Blight of Corn, Caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-01-15-0038-re ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 101 (1) ◽

pp. 54-61 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Craig B. Langemeier ◽

Alison E. Robertson ◽

Dong Wang ◽

Tamra A. Jackson-Ziems ◽

Greg R. Kruger

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Wilt ◽

Management Practices ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Regression Tree ◽

Growing Season ◽

Leaf Blight ◽

Classification And Regression Tree ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽

Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp

Goss’s bacterial wilt and leaf blight, which is caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis, is a disease of corn (Zea mays) that has been increasingly reported across the Midwest since its reemergence in western Nebraska, northeastern Colorado, and southeastern Wyoming during the 2006 growing season. The objective of this study was to identify environmental and agronomic factors contributing to the incidence of the disease across the Corn Belt through a multistate survey conducted during the 2011 growing season. Of the 2,400 surveys distributed throughout nine states, 486 were returned with corn leaf samples, of which 70% tested positive for C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The agronomic data associated with each field were analyzed using classification and regression tree and random forest analyses to identify the factors that contributed most to Goss’s bacterial wilt and leaf blight development. A χ2 test of independence was also done to determine relationships between certain variables and disease incidence. The two best predictors of Goss’s bacterial wilt and leaf blight were hybrid resistance to Goss’s bacterial wilt and leaf blight, as indicated by the seed companies’ score and a planting population density >67,500 plants ha−1. Other important predictors included longitude, planting date, crop rotation, percent residue, yield history, tillage, and growth stage. Relationships between glyphosate applications, foliar fungicide applications, and corn rootworm beetle with samples testing positive for C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis were also detected. These data contribute to our understanding of factors that increase the risk of Goss’s bacterial wilt and leaf blight, and should enable more effective management practices to be adopted or developed.

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Four Common Setaria Species are Alternative Hosts for Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis, Causal Agent of Goss's Bacterial Wilt and Blight of Corn

Plant Health Progress ◽

10.1094/php-rs-12-0160 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 57-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Craig B. Langemeier ◽

Tamra A. Jackson-Ziems ◽

Greg R. Kruger

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Bacterial Wilt ◽

Sweet Corn ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Block Design ◽

Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽

Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp ◽

Giant Foxtail ◽

Green Foxtail ◽

History Of

Goss's bacterial wilt and blight, caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis (Cmn), has reemerged as an important disease of Zea mays (corn) in the U.S. Midwest. Results from a 2011 multistate survey indicated that Setaria spp. (foxtail) were often present in corn fields with a history of Cmn. The objective of this research was to determine if Setaria spp. that are common in the Midwest are susceptible to infection by Cmn. In the greenhouse, seedlings of four Setaria spp., including S. viridis (green foxtail), S. faberi (giant foxtail), S. verticillata (bristly foxtail), and S. pumila (yellow foxtail), and Zea mays (Golden Cross Bantam sweet corn, GCB) were inoculated with a suspension of 1.0 × 107 bacteria cells. The trial was arranged in a randomized complete block design and repeated once. Percent of symptomatic leaf area was visually estimated eight days after inoculation. S. faberi exhibited the highest levels of disease among the four Setaria spp., with disease incidence similar to what was observed on Z. mays. S. viridis was the next most susceptible. Symptoms were also observed on S. viridis, S. verticillata, and were lowest for S. pumila. Bacterial streaming was confirmed microscopically and Cmn was reisolated from the four Setaria species. Results indicate that these four Setaria spp. are susceptible to Cmn, thus serving as potential sources of inoculum. Accepted for publication 1 February 2014. Published 28 April 2014.

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First Report of Goss’s Bacterial Wilt and Leaf Blight on Corn Caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis in Missouri

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-02-16-0227-pdn ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 100 (10) ◽

pp. 2158-2158 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

P. K. Hosack ◽

L. E. Sweets ◽

G. L. Miller ◽

M. J. Calcutt ◽

B. E. Arenz

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Wilt ◽

Leaf Blight ◽

Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽

First Report ◽

Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp

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Screening of eggplant genotypes for resistance to bacterial wilt disease caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis

Plant Protection Science ◽

10.17221/105/2020-pps ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 (No. 2) ◽

pp. 112-121

Author(s):

Hatice Filiz Boyaci ◽

Aylin Kabas ◽

Yesim Aysan ◽

Jaime Prohens

Keyword(s):

Genetic Control ◽

Bacterial Wilt ◽

Single Point ◽

Solanum Melongena ◽

Recessive Gene ◽

Wilt Disease ◽

Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽

Resistance Sources ◽

Bacterial Wilt Disease ◽

Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp

Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) is one of the phytopathogenic bacteria causing bacterial wilt disease and severe yield losses in tomatoes and other solanaceous vegetables. Although there are some reports on Cmm infections in eggplants (Solanum melongena), there is no information available on the resistance sources and genetic control of the resistance to Cmm in this crop. We performed a search for resistance sources to Cmm in eggplants, in a set of 46 genotypes including landraces, inbred lines and cultivars and some cultivated and wild relatives, as well as an analysis of the genetic control of the resistance. A mixture of different Cmm strains from different genomic groups was used for the screening. Plants were inoculated through the injection of 10 µL of a Cmm suspension at a concentration of 107 cfu/mL in a single point of the stem. The symptoms were recorded at nine weeks after the inoculation with a 0–4 symptoms scale. The differences were observed in the symptoms in the collection evaluated, with the disease severity index of the genotypes ranging from 0.00 to 4.00. While 31 genotypes displayed no symptoms, three cultivated eggplant genotypes were highly susceptible. Reciprocal F1 and F2 generations were obtained from the crosses between the most susceptible genotype (CT30) and a resistant one (CT49). The genetic control of the resistance adjusted well to one dominant and one recessive gene model underlying the resistance to Cmm. These results are important for selection and breeding for resistance to Cmm in eggplants.

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