scholarly journals Four Common Setaria Species are Alternative Hosts for Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis, Causal Agent of Goss's Bacterial Wilt and Blight of Corn

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig B. Langemeier ◽  
Tamra A. Jackson-Ziems ◽  
Greg R. Kruger
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
History Of

Goss's bacterial wilt and blight, caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis (Cmn), has reemerged as an important disease of Zea mays (corn) in the U.S. Midwest. Results from a 2011 multistate survey indicated that Setaria spp. (foxtail) were often present in corn fields with a history of Cmn. The objective of this research was to determine if Setaria spp. that are common in the Midwest are susceptible to infection by Cmn. In the greenhouse, seedlings of four Setaria spp., including S. viridis (green foxtail), S. faberi (giant foxtail), S. verticillata (bristly foxtail), and S. pumila (yellow foxtail), and Zea mays (Golden Cross Bantam sweet corn, GCB) were inoculated with a suspension of 1.0 × 107 bacteria cells. The trial was arranged in a randomized complete block design and repeated once. Percent of symptomatic leaf area was visually estimated eight days after inoculation. S. faberi exhibited the highest levels of disease among the four Setaria spp., with disease incidence similar to what was observed on Z. mays. S. viridis was the next most susceptible. Symptoms were also observed on S. viridis, S. verticillata, and were lowest for S. pumila. Bacterial streaming was confirmed microscopically and Cmn was reisolated from the four Setaria species. Results indicate that these four Setaria spp. are susceptible to Cmn, thus serving as potential sources of inoculum. Accepted for publication 1 February 2014. Published 28 April 2014.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting the Development and Severity of Goss’s Bacterial Wilt and Leaf Blight of Corn, Caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig B. Langemeier ◽  
Alison E. Robertson ◽  
Dong Wang ◽  
Tamra A. Jackson-Ziems ◽  
Greg R. Kruger
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Regression Tree ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Classification And Regression Tree ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp

Goss’s bacterial wilt and leaf blight, which is caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis, is a disease of corn (Zea mays) that has been increasingly reported across the Midwest since its reemergence in western Nebraska, northeastern Colorado, and southeastern Wyoming during the 2006 growing season. The objective of this study was to identify environmental and agronomic factors contributing to the incidence of the disease across the Corn Belt through a multistate survey conducted during the 2011 growing season. Of the 2,400 surveys distributed throughout nine states, 486 were returned with corn leaf samples, of which 70% tested positive for C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The agronomic data associated with each field were analyzed using classification and regression tree and random forest analyses to identify the factors that contributed most to Goss’s bacterial wilt and leaf blight development. A χ2 test of independence was also done to determine relationships between certain variables and disease incidence. The two best predictors of Goss’s bacterial wilt and leaf blight were hybrid resistance to Goss’s bacterial wilt and leaf blight, as indicated by the seed companies’ score and a planting population density >67,500 plants ha−1. Other important predictors included longitude, planting date, crop rotation, percent residue, yield history, tillage, and growth stage. Relationships between glyphosate applications, foliar fungicide applications, and corn rootworm beetle with samples testing positive for C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis were also detected. These data contribute to our understanding of factors that increase the risk of Goss’s bacterial wilt and leaf blight, and should enable more effective management practices to be adopted or developed.

scholarly journals Teknik Inokulasi Buatan Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus, Penyebab Penyakit Busuk Cincin Bakteri, pada Tanaman Kentang (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Agrikultura ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana Djaya ◽  
Ineu Sulastrini ◽  
Iin Rusita
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽  
Bacterial Ring Rot ◽  
Seed Tubers ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp ◽  
Ring Rot ◽  
Inoculation Techniques ◽  
Rot Disease

ABSTRACT Inoculation Techniques of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus, the Cause of Bacterial Ring Rot Disease, on Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus, the cause of bacterial ring rot disease on potatoes, has been detected in potato fields in Pangalengan. To anticipate the spread of the pathogen, researches on the desease epidemiology are urgent to be carried out. Artificial inoculation techniques will be useful in the epidemiological studies. The objective of this reasearch was to evaluate some inoculation techniques, which are simple, cheap and fast in causing disease symptoms. The experiment was carried out at the laboratory and glasshouse of Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran (Balitsa), Lembang. The experiment was arranged in the randomized block design with five treatments of inoculation technique and five replications. The treatments were (a) soaking wounded seed tubers in pathogen suspension, (b) soaking not wounded seed tubers in pathogen suspension, (c) pathogen suspension was injected into leaf axil, (d) pathogen suspension was injected into seed tubers, and (e) pathogen suspension was poured into the planting holes. The results showed that stabbing and soaking tubers in pathogen suspension caused the shortest incubation period (17 days after inoculation) and the highest disease incidence (60%). Keywords : Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus, Bacterial ring rot, Potatoes, Inoculation techniquesABSTRAKClavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus (Cms), penyebab penyakit busuk cincin bakteri pada tanaman kentang, telah terdeteksi keberadaannya pada pertanaman kentang di Pangalengan. Dalam upaya mencegah penyebaran penyakit busuk cincin bakteri di Indonesia, perlu adanya studi epidemiologi patogen tersebut. Pada penelitian epidemiologi akan diperlukan cara menginokulasi tanaman secara buatan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan teknik inokulasi buatan yang dapat menyebabkan periode inkubasi yang lebih singkat dan persentase kejadian penyakit busuk cincin bakteri paling tinggi pada tanaman kentang. Percobaan dilaksanakan di rumah kaca dan laboratorium penyakit Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran (Balitsa), Lembang. Percobaan dirancang secara rancangan acak kelompok dengan lima perlakuan teknik inokulasi Cms dan lima ulangan, yaitu inokulasi dengan (a) merendam ubi benih yang telah dilukai dalam suspensi bakteri, (b) merendam ubi benih tanpa dilukai dalam suspensi bakteri, (c) suspensi bakteri ditusukkan pada ketiak daun tanaman kentang, (d) suspensi bakteri ditusukkan pada ubi benih, dan (e) suspensi bakteri disiramkan pada lubang tanam. Masing-masing ulangan terdiri dari lima tanaman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari lima teknik inokulasi buatan yang dilakukan, inokulasi dengan melukai ubi benih dan merendamnya dalam suspensi patogen menghasilkanJurnal Agrikultura 2016, 27 (2): 66-71ISSN 0853-2885Teknik Inokulasi Buatan Clavibacter….67periode inkubasi tersingkat, yaitu 17 hari setelah inokulasi, dan persentase kejadian penyakit tertinggi yaitu sebesar 60%.Kata Kunci : Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus, Busuk cincin bakteri, Kentang, Inokulasi buatan

Characterization of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis strains from recent outbreaks of bacterial wilt and canker in Serbia

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. 697-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Milijašević-Marčić ◽  
Karl-Heinz Gartemann ◽  
Jonas Frohwitter ◽  
Rudolf Eichenlaub ◽  
Biljana Todorović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp ◽  
Bacterial Wilt And Canker

Management of Liquid Organic Waste from Palm Oil Plant and Compost Cow to the Growth and Production of Sweet Corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Tharmizi Hakim
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Palm Oil Mill ◽  
Mill Waste

The growth and production of sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt) are strongly influenced by good genetics and environmental factors, including how to cultivate the soil so that the availability of nutrients is quite balanced. The long-term goal of this research is to determine the effectiveness of a combination of palm oil mill effluent (LCPKS) and cow dung waste (LKTS) with EM4 bio-activator applied to sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt). This study used a factorial randomized block design (RBD) consisting of 2 factors with 12 treatment combinations and 3 replications to obtain 36 research plots. The factors studied are the formulation factor of a mixture of palm oil mill effluent with cow dung waste, which is denoted by (A) consisting of A1 = 70% palm oil mill waste and 30% cow dung, A2 = 50% effluent palm oil mill and 50% cow dung waste, A3 = 30% palm oil mill waste and 70% cow dung waste. The dose factor with the symbol (D) consists of, D0 = control, D1 = 1.5 kg per plot, D2 = 3 kg per plot, D3 = 4.5 kg per plot. The parameters observed were plant height (cm), biomass samples (grams), sample production (grams) and plot production (kg). The results showed that different waste mix formulations and administration of different doses did not significantly influence plant height parameters because compost maturity must be assessed by measuring two or more compost parameters to prevent phytotoxicity. Therefore, quality assurance must be carried out on compost to determine the factors that cause phytotoxicity and also research must be intensified in determining lines that will be able to degrade waste faster, more efficiently and also produce non-toxic compost that mixes the soil produced in plant growth. In addition, care must be taken in selecting raw materials for composting. The results showed that the mixed waste formulations significantly affected the biomass of the sample, where the highest average was obtained in processing A3 (30% of palm oil mill waste and 70% of cow dung waste. The research results also showed that dosing had a very significant effect on biomass parameter sample, sample production and plot production where the highest average is in the D3 treatment (4.5 kg per plot).

Annual Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), and Large Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) are Alternative Hosts forClavibacter michiganensissubsp.nebraskensis, Causal Agent of Goss's Wilt of Corn

Weed Science ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 901-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph T. Ikley ◽  
Kiersten A. Wise ◽  
William G. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Alternative Hosts ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Goss's bacterial wilt and leaf blight of corn is caused by the bacteriumClavibacter michiganensissubsp.nebraskensis(Cmn). This disease has recently re-emerged as an important disease in the Midwestern United States (US) and continues to spread. Cultural practices are currently the only methods available for controlling the disease. Weedy species in the generaEchinochloa,Setaria, andSorghumhave previously been described as alternative hosts of Cmn. The objective of this research was to use an isolate of Cmn from the eastern Midwest to examine the host status of previously confirmed hosts, as well as test whether additional weedy or cover crop species are alternative hosts of the bacterium. Plants were inoculated with a suspension of 1 × 108colony-forming units of Cmn per milliliter in a greenhouse experiment. Leaves were observed for typical symptoms of Goss's wilt 7 d after inoculation. Pathogen presence was determined by observing bacterial streaming microscopically, and isolating Cmn from symptomatic plants. Putative colonies of Cmn were confirmed with the use of morphological and molecular methods. Koch's Postulates were completed on populations of new plant species that showed symptoms. Results revealed three new hosts of Cmn: annual ryegrass, johnsongrass, and large crabgrass. In contradiction to previous reports, barnyardgrass was not a host of Cmn in this study. Results also confirm that giant foxtail, green foxtail, shattercane, and yellow foxtail are hosts of Cmn. These results redefine the known host range of Cmn and are important in identifying additional sources of inoculum to improve our understanding of the epidemiology of Goss's wilt.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Jenis Mikoriza dan Jumlah Populasi Tanaman Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Jagung Manis (Zea mays L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-99
Author(s):  
Multazam Palepi ◽  
Jumini Jumini ◽  
Syaffrudin Syaffrudin ◽  
Syaffrudin Syaffrudin
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Glomus Mosseae ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Physiology Laboratory

Abstrak.  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh jenis mikoriza dan populasi tanaman terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil jagung manis, serta interaksi antara jenis mikoriza dengan populasi tanaman terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil jagung manis. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan November 2017 sampai Januari 2018 di Desa Blang Krueng, Kecamatan Baitussalam, Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Rancangan Penelitian yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) pola faktorial 3 x 2 dengan  3 ulangan. Faktor yang diteliti yaitu jenis mikoriza dan populasi tanaman. Faktor jenis mikoirza terdiri dari 3 taraf yaitu ; mikoriza glomus mosseae, gigaspora dan campuran. Faktor populasi tanman terdiri atas 2 taraf yaitu : satu benih dan dua benih. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penggunaan jenis mikoriza campuran secara umum menghasilkan pertumbuhan dan  hasil  tanaman jagung yang lebih baik. Sedangkan populasi tamanan yang terbaik adalah satu tamanan. Selanjutnya Interaksi yang lebih baik terdapat  pada jenis mikoriza campuran dengan  populasi tamanan pada parameter diameter batang 15 HST dan 30 HST, berat basah akar dan berat buah berkelobot, diameter tongkol,berat buah tampa kelobot dan potensi hasil per hektar. The effect of Mycoriza Types and Number of Crop Populations on Growth and Yield of Sweet CornAbstractThis research purposes to know the effect of mycoriza types and the population of  the plants toward the growth and yield of sweet corn and the interaction between mycoriza types and the population of  the plants to the growth and yield of sweet corn. This research was carried out in November 2017 until Januari 2018 at Blang Krueng village, Baitussalam sub-district, Aceh Besar Regency and Physiology Laboratory, faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University. This research was conducted Randomized Block Design factorial pattern 3 x 2 with 3 replications. The factors studied in this research are mycoriza types and the population of  the plants. 3 types of mycoriza types are glomus mosseae mycoriza, gigaspora and the mixture of glomus mosseae and gigaspora. and 2 types of the population of  the plants are using one seed and two seed. The result of this research pointed out that the using of the mixture mycoriza type generally increased the growth and yield of sweet corn.  Whereas, the using of the population  of  the plants with one seed had showed the best result. And the better interaction is obtained in the mixture mycoriza with the population of  the plants in there after a good interaction is present in mixed mycorrhizae species with plan population on the diameter of tehstem 15 HST and 30 HST, the weight of the root base and the weight of the weighted fruit, the diameter of the cob weight of the without any weight fruit and the potential yield per hactare.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Organonitrofos Plus Fertilizer on Sweet Corn and Soil Chemical Properties of Ultisols

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
. Dermiyati ◽  
Setyo Dwi Utomo ◽  
Kuswanta Futas Hidayat ◽  
Jamalam Lumbanraja ◽  
Sugeng Triyono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizer ◽  
Soil Chemical Properties ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizers ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
The Difference

This study aimed to examine Organonitrofos Plus fertilizer (OP) on sweet corn (Zea mays Saccharata L.) and its effect on changes in soil chemical properties of Ultisols. Organonitrofos Plus fertilizer is an enhancement of Organonitrofos fertilizer enriched with microbes at the beginning of the manufacturing process. Research was conducted in the greenhouse of Integrated Agricultural Laboratory of Lampung University. Treatment applied was a factorial of 4 × 2 × 3 with three replications in a randomized block design. The first factor was the dose of OP fertilizer (0, 10, 20, 30 Mg ha-1), the second factor was the dose of inorganic fertilizers (without inorganic fertilizers, and with inorganic fertilizers, namely Urea 0.44, 0.28 SP-36 and KCl 0.16 Mg ha-1), and the third factor was the dose of biochar (0, 10, 20 Mg ha-1). By a single OP fertilizers, inorganic fertilizers, and the interaction between the OP and the inorganic fertilizers increased the weight of dry stover, cob length, cob diameter, cob with husk and cob without husk of corn. OP fertilizers which are applied in Ultisols can improve soil fertility and increase corn production so that OP fertilizer can lessen the use of inorganic fertilizer and can be used as a substitute for inorganic fertilizer. RAE values were highest in treatment of O4K2B2 (30 Mg OP ha-1, with inorganic fertilizer, 10 Mg biochar ha-1) that was equal to 181%, followed by O2K2B3 (10 Mg OP ha-1, with inorganic fertilizer, 20 Mg biochar ha-1 ) with the difference in RAE value of 0.5%. [How to Cite: Dermiyati, SD  Utomo,  KF Hidayat, J Lumbanraja, S Triyono, H Ismono, NE  Ratna, NT Putri dan R Taisa. 2016. Pengujian Pupuk Organonitrofos Plus pada Jagung Manis (Zea mays Saccharata. L) dan Perubahan Sifat Kimia Tanah Ultisols. J Trop Soils 21: 9-17 Doi: 10. 10.5400/jts.2016.21.1.9]

scholarly journals Yield and Disease Resistance for Three Bacterial Wilt-resistant Tomato Rootstocks

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H Suchoff ◽  
Frank J. Louws ◽  
Christopher C. Gunter
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
North Carolina Department ◽  
Limited Effectiveness ◽  
History Of ◽  
On Farm

Interest and use of grafted tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in the United States continues to grow. Pioneered in Asia, herbaceous grafting is a commonly used cultural practice to manage many soilborne pathogens. Bacterial wilt (BW), caused by the pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum, is an aggressive soilborne pathogen that affects tomato grown in the southeastern United States. Traditional fumigation methods have limited effectiveness in the management of this pathogen. The present study was conducted to compare the bacterial wilt resistance of three commercially available tomato rootstocks, which are purported to be resistant to bacterial wilt: ‘Cheong Gang’, ‘RST-04-106-T’, and ‘Shield’. The determinate hybrid tomato ‘Red Mountain’, which is susceptible to bacterial wilt, was used as the scion and nongrafted control. Three locations were used over 2 years in North Carolina: an on-farm site with a history of bacterial wilt and two North Carolina Department of Agriculture Research Stations with no recent history of bacterial wilt. No disease symptoms were observed in any of the three grafted treatments, whereas the nongrafted controls showed between 30% and 80% disease incidence at the on-farm location. The resultant rootstock-imparted resistance improved marketable yields by between 88% and 125% compared with the nongrafted plants. When grown in locations lacking BW there were no yield benefits to grafting with any of the three rootstocks.

scholarly journals First Report of Goss’s Bacterial Wilt and Leaf Blight on Corn Caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis in Alberta, Canada

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (7) ◽  
pp. 1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Howard ◽  
M. W. Harding ◽  
J. Lynn ◽  
L. M. Kawchuk ◽  
N. M. Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽  
First Report ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp

scholarly journals Wilt Pathogens of Solanaceae in Tanzania: Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, Pseudomonas corrugata, and Ralstonia solanacearum

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (11) ◽  
pp. 1070-1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Black ◽  
S. Seal ◽  
Z. Abubakar ◽  
R. Nono-Womdim ◽  
I. Swai
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Bacterial Canker ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽  
Pseudomonas Corrugata ◽  
Tomato Seed ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp ◽  
Northern Highlands

Surveys of vegetables in the southern and northern growing regions of mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar during 1997 and 1998 indicated the presence of three wilt pathogens of tomato. Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (cause of bacterial canker) was isolated from wilting plants in the southern highlands and Lushoto District (Tanga Region, north) on selective King's medium B with polymyxin B (1). The identity of the isolates was confirmed by cultural, morphological, and biochemical characteristics and a plate-trapped antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (PTA-ELISA) kit (Pathoset 113-08, Adgen, Auchincruive, U.K.). Pathogenicity was confirmed by host inoculation. In addition, the bacterium was detected directly by the same methods in several sources of seed, including commercial farmers' saved seed and seed extracted from infected plants. Of 61 tomato seed lots tested, 18 samples were positive. Ralstonia solanacearum (cause of bacterial wilt) was isolated from tomato and potato by semiselective media and detected directly in stem and tuber tissues, respectively, by polymerase chain reaction and ELISA (4) in all vegetable-growing areas surveyed. In 1998, R. solanacearum was detected for the first time in Zanzibar on tomato and eggplant. Pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculation on and reisolation from tomato seedlings of cv. Money Maker. Only biovar 3 (2) occurred in tomato. Biovar 3 also was found in midaltitude potato. Biovar 2 has been found only in potato plants grown above 1,500 m. Pseudomonas corrugata (cause of pith necrosis) was isolated from tomato on semiselective media at only one location. From wilted tomato plants in the southern highlands, 38% of samples tested positive for C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and ≈ 10% for R. solanacearum. Of samples collected from the northern highlands, 43% tested positive for R. solanacearum. Wilt incidence of ≈35% was observed in tomato fields where the bacterial wilt pathogen was isolated in the northern highlands compared with gt;90% incidence and almost total crop loss in tomato fields of the southern highlands infected with bacterial canker. Although all three pathogens caused systemic wilt of plants, bacterial canker occasionally caused downward turning of lower leaves, unilateral wilting, and marginal necrosis of leaflets as well as fruit spotting. In general, wilts caused by C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, R. solanacearum, and P. corrugata were not readily differentiated in Tanzania prior to this research. Plants with pith browning had often been assumed to be infected by P. corrugata, until R. solanacearum was isolated (3) frequently from such plants. References: (1) Anonymous. OEPP/EPPO Bull. 22:219, 1992. (2) A. C. Hayward. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 27:265, 1964. (3) J. B. Jones et al., eds. 1991. Compendium of Tomato Diseases. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. (4) S. Seal and J. G. Elphinstone. Pages 35–57 in: Bacterial Wilt. The Disease and Its Causative Agent, Pseudomonas solanacearum. A. C. Hayward and G. L. Hartman, eds. CAB International, Wallingford, U.K. 1994.

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