scholarly journals Reduced premovement positivity during the stimulus‐response interval precedes errors: Using single‐trial and regression ERPs to understand performance deficits in ADHD

2019 ◽  
pp. e13392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott J. Burwell ◽  
Scott Makeig ◽  
William G. Iacono ◽  
Stephen M. Malone
Keyword(s):  
Single Trial ◽  
Performance Deficits ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Response Interval

Information Contained in the Encoded Representation of the Stimulus

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-211
Author(s):  
Harry L. Chiesi ◽  
James W. Pellegrino
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Associative Learning ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Single Trial ◽  
Position Information ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Learning Trials ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Confidence Ratings

Aspects of stimulus encoding were assessed in two experiments by comparing confidence ratings given to actual stimuli with ratings given to variants of the stimuli that systematically distorted identity and position information about individual components. The results indicated that even after a single trial the encoded representation of the stimulus contained information about the identity and position of all individual components and the relationships among components. While neither higher degrees of associative learning nor additional learning trials altered the relative importance of various types of information contained in the encoding, signal detection analyses indicated that both factors increased the subject's over-all sensitivity to the stimulus. Response-similarity had no effect on stimulus learning when trials were controlled. The results are discussed with respect to previous studies on selection of stimuli and independence of components.

Intact Context-Dependent Modulation of Conflict Monitoring in Childhood ADHD

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 1503-1510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annet Bluschke ◽  
Witold X. Chmielewski ◽  
Veit Roessner ◽  
Christian Beste
Keyword(s):  
Executive Control ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Conflict Monitoring ◽  
Performance Deficits ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Control Functions

Objective: Conflict monitoring is well known to be modulated by context. This is known as the Gratton effect, meaning that the degree of interference is smaller when a stimulus–response conflict had been encountered previously. It is unclear to what extent these processes are changed in ADHD. Method: Children with ADHD (combined subtype) and healthy controls performed a modified version of the sequence flanker task. Results: Patients with ADHD made significantly more errors than healthy controls, indicating general performance deficits. However, there were no differences regarding reaction times, indicating an intact Gratton effect in ADHD. These results were supported by Bayesian statistics. Conclusion: The results suggest that the ability to take contextual information into account during conflict monitoring is preserved in patients with ADHD despite this disorder being associated with changes in executive control functions overall. These findings are discussed in light of different theoretical accounts on contextual modulations of conflict monitoring.

Intracerebral P3-like waveforms and the length of the stimulus–response interval in a visual oddball paradigm

2005 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Roman ◽  
Milan Brázdil ◽  
Pavel Jurák ◽  
Ivan Rektor ◽  
Miloslav Kukleta
Keyword(s):  
Oddball Paradigm ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Response Interval ◽  
Visual Oddball Paradigm ◽  
Visual Oddball

scholarly journals Reduced Medial Frontal Positivity During the Stimulus-Response Interval Precedes Action Errors and Explains Task Deficits in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott J. Burwell ◽  
Scott Makeig ◽  
William G. Iacono ◽  
Stephen M. Malone
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Action Selection ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Response Interval ◽  
Related Potentials

AbstractBrain mechanisms responsible for errors during cognitive tasks are poorly understood, particularly in adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Using subject-specific multimodal imaging (EEG, MRI, behavior) during flanker task performance by a sample of 94 human adolescents (mean age = 15.5 years, 50% female) with varying degrees of ADHD symptomatology, we examined the degree to which amplitudes of source-resolved event-related potentials (ERPs) from brain independent components within a critical (but often ignored) period in the action selection process, the stimulus-response interval, predicted motor response errors (across trials) and error rates (across individuals). Reduced amplitudes of Frontocentral P3 (peaking at approximately 390 milliseconds in stimulus-locked ERPs) and Pre-Movement Positivity (PMP, peaking at approximately 110 milliseconds pre-response in response-locked ERPs) in projections from posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) predicted erroneous responses, and reduced amplitude of PMP predicted a larger participant error rate. After regressing stimulus-from response-locked ERPs, we concluded that errors primarily depended upon response selection processes reflected in PMP amplitude. Finally, mediation analyses showed that smaller PMPs on correct response trials was associated with the higher frequency of errors committed by adolescents with more ADHD symptoms. These results bolster the importance of pMFC in action selection and support the possible value of using PMP as an intervention target to remediate performance deficits in ADHD.

Role of the Na+–H+ exchanger (NHE1) in heart muscle function during transient acidosis. A study in papillary muscles from rat and guinea pig hearts

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (10) ◽  
pp. 937-943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rune Sundset ◽  
Geir Bertelsen ◽  
Kirsti Ytrehus
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Exchange ◽  
Contractile Function ◽  
Electrical Conductance ◽  
Papillary Muscles ◽  
Intracellular Acidosis ◽  
Electrophysiological Properties ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Sodium Hydrogen ◽  
Response Interval ◽  
Sodium Hydrogen Exchanger

The sodium–hydrogen exchanger (NHE) helps the cell to recover from intracellular acidosis. In this study, we have investigated the effect of HOE 642 (a specific NHE1 blocker) on papillary muscles from rats and guinea pigs during transient acidosis and PKC activation by recording developed force (DF), action potential characteristics, and electrical conductance (stimulus–response interval). Two protocols were used, with or without HOE 642 (10–5 mol/L): papillary muscle was exposed (i) for 15 min to a glucose-free, nonoxygenated HEPES buffer containing lactate (20 mmol/L) (pH 6.8) followed by 15 min recovery or (ii) to a PKC activator (phorbolmyristate acetate (PMA) (10–9 mol/L)) for 30 min. The DF after acidification remained significantly decreased in the NHE-blocked papillary muscles. During recovery from acidosis, papillary muscles exposed to HOE 642 remained at a higher electrical resistance. The present study shows that post-acidotic continued depression of DF and change in tissue electrophysiological properties might occur as a result of blocking the NHE. During infarct development, the tissue-protecting effect of NHE blockade has been well documented. When acidosis or reduced contractile function is present, however, blocking NHE by HOE 642 might not improve the situation.Key words: sodium–hydrogen exchange (NHE), HOE 642 (cariporide), gap junction, PKC, acidosis.

scholarly journals Direct evidence for prediction signals in frontal cortex independent of prediction error

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Dürschmid ◽  
Christoph Reichert ◽  
Hermann Hinrichs ◽  
Hans-Jochen Heinze ◽  
Heidi E. Kirsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Single Trial ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Task Irrelevant

AbstractPredictive coding (PC) has been suggested as one of the main mechanisms used by brains to interact with complex environments. PC theories posit top-down prediction signals, which are compared with actual outcomes, yielding in turn prediction-error signals, which are used, bottom-up, to modify the ensuing predictions. However, disentangling prediction from prediction-error signals has been challenging. Critically, while many studies found indirect evidence for predictive coding in the form of prediction-error signals, direct evidence for the prediction signal is mostly lacking. Here we provide clear evidence, obtained from intracranial cortical recordings in human surgical patients, that the human lateral prefrontal cortex generates prediction signals while anticipating an event. Patients listened to task-irrelevant sequences of repetitive tones including infrequent predictable or unpredictable pitch deviants. The amplitude of high frequency broadband (HFB) neural activity was decreased prior to the onset of expected relative to unexpected deviants in the frontal cortex only, and its amplitude was sensitive to the increasing likelihood of deviants following longer trains of standards in the unpredictable condition. Single trial HFB amplitudes predicted deviations and correlated with post-stimulus response to deviations. These results provide direct evidence for frontal cortex prediction signals independent of prediction-error signals.

scholarly journals Painful stimuli evoke different stimulus–response functions in the amygdala, prefrontal, insula and somatosensory cortex: a single‐trial fMRI study

Brain ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 125 (6) ◽  
pp. 1326-1336 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Bornhövd ◽  
M. Quante ◽  
V. Glauche ◽  
B. Bromm ◽  
C. Weiller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Response Functions ◽  
Single Trial ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Fmri Study

The Effect of Real-Time Feedback Using a Smartwatch on the Clinical Behavior of Novice Student Clinicians

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 79-90
Author(s):  
Courtney G. Scott ◽  
Trina M. Becker ◽  
Kenneth O. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Communication Disorders ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Clinical Behavior ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Treatment Data ◽  
Computer Monitors

The use of computer monitors to provide technology-based written feedback during clinical sessions, referred to as “bug-in-the-eye” (BITi) feedback, recently emerged in the literature with preliminary evidence to support its effectiveness (Carmel, Villatte, Rosenthal, Chalker & Comtois, 2015; Weck et al., 2016). This investigation employed a single-subject, sequential A-B design with two participants to observe the effects of implementing BITi feedback using a smartwatch on the clinical behavior of student clinicians (SCs). Baseline and treatment data on the stimulus-response-consequence (S-R-C) contingency completion rates of SCs were collected using 10 minute segments of recorded therapy sessions. All participants were students enrolled in a clinical practicum experience in a communication disorders and sciences (CDS) program. A celeration line, descriptive statistics, and stability band were used to analyze the data by slope, trend, and variability. Results demonstrated a significant correlative relationship between BITi feedback with a smartwatch and an increase in positive clinical behaviors. Based on qualitative interviews and exit rating scales, SCs reported BITi feedback was noninvasive and minimally distracting. Preliminary evidence suggests BITi feedback with a smartwatch may be an effective tool for providing real-time clinical feedback.

Face and Word Recognition in Patients with Left and Right Hemispheric Lesions: Evidence from Reaction Times and ERPs

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan R. Schweinberger ◽  
Thomas Klos ◽  
Werner Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Slow Wave ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Memory Search ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Performance Deficits ◽  
Set Size ◽  
Left Brain ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Abstract Words ◽  
Left Brain Damage

Abstract: We recorded reaction times (RTs) and event-related potentials (ERPs) in patients with unilateral lesions during a memory search task. Participants memorized faces or abstract words, which were then recognized among new ones. The RT deficit found in patients with left brain damage (LBD) for words increased with memory set size, suggesting that their problem relates to memory search. In contrast, the RT deficit found in patients with RBD for faces was apparently related to perceptual encoding, a conclusion also supported by their reduced P100 ERP component. A late slow wave (720-1720 ms) was enhanced in patients, particularly to words in patients with LBD, and to faces in patients with RBD. Thus, the slow wave was largest in the conditions with most pronounced performance deficits, suggesting that it reflects deficit-related resource recruitment.

A stimulus-response social psychology?

1998 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 1078-1078
Author(s):  
Todd D. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Stimulus Response
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document