Why Gold Flash Can Be Detrimental to Long-Term Reliability

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingsong Xie ◽  
Ming Sun ◽  
Michael Pecht ◽  
David F. Barbe
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Stress Relaxation ◽  
Base Metal ◽  
Copper Alloys ◽  
Electrical Contacts ◽  
High Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Electrical Failure ◽  
Base Materials ◽  
Insight Into

Most connectors are made from copper or copper alloys, with beryllium copper and phosphor bronze being the most common base materials due to their high electrical conductivity, low stress relaxation, and competitive cost. The most significant drawback is copper’s low resistance to corrosion, which can lead to electrical failure of connectors. For this reason, a layer of gold is often plated on the surfaces of connectors to seal off the base metal from being directly exposed to the environment. As an economical practice, gold flashing has been used to protect electrical contacts from corrosion. However, there is increasing evidence indicating that gold flashing can be detrimental in applications calling for long-term reliability. This paper provides insight into reliability issues of gold flash.

CONSIL 995

Alloy Digest ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Base Alloy ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Electrical Contacts ◽  
High Electrical Conductivity

Abstract CONSIL 995 is an air-hardenable silver-base alloy having high strength and high electrical conductivity. It does not soften as a result of being heated as in brazing. It is recommended for electrical contacts, cable connectors, spring clips, etc. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as creep. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, and joining. Filing Code: Ag-4. Producer or source: Handy & Harman.

HITENSO 162

Alloy Digest ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Electrical Contacts ◽  
Unique Combination ◽  
High Electrical Conductivity ◽  
High Tensile Strength

Abstract HITENSO 162 is a copper-cadmium alloy that offers a unique combination of high tensile strength and high electrical conductivity in wire where ordinarily these properties are incompatible. It also is noted for its malleability and toughness. Among its many uses are heating pads, electric blankets, current-carrying rings and electrical contacts. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fatigue. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Cu-416. Producer or source: Anaconda Industries.

scholarly journals Correlation between Wear Resistance and Lifetime of Electrical Contacts

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Song ◽  
Christian Koch ◽  
Liangliang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Wear Resistance ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Electrical Contacts ◽  
Electrical Performance ◽  
High Wear Resistance ◽  
High Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Fretting Corrosion ◽  
Long Lifetime

Electrical contacts are usually plated in order to prevent corrosion. Platings of detachable electrical contacts experience wear because of the motion between contacts. Once the protecting platings have been worn out, electrical contacts will fail rapidly due to corrosion or fretting corrosion. Therefore the wear resistance of the platings is a very important parameter for the long lifetime of electrical contacts. Many measures which improve the wear resistance can diminish the conductivity of the platings. Due to the fact that platings of electrical contacts must have both a high wear resistance and a high electrical conductivity, the manufacturing of high performance platings of electrical contacts poses a great challenge. Our study shows firstly the correlation between the wear resistance of platings and lifetime of electrical contacts and then the measures, which improve the wear resistance without impairing the electrical performance of the contacts.

scholarly journals A promising structure for fabricating high strength and high electrical conductivity copper alloys

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rengeng Li ◽  
Huijun Kang ◽  
Zongning Chen ◽  
Guohua Fan ◽  
Cunlei Zou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Copper Alloys ◽  
High Strength ◽  
High Electrical Conductivity

scholarly journals Solid-solution copper alloys with high strength and high electrical conductivity

2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (10) ◽  
pp. 777-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazunari Maki ◽  
Yuki Ito ◽  
Hirotaka Matsunaga ◽  
Hiroyuki Mori
Keyword(s):  
Solid Solution ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Copper Alloys ◽  
High Strength ◽  
High Electrical Conductivity

BRUSH CHROMIUM-COPPER

Alloy Digest ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Copper Alloys ◽  
High Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Corrosion Resistant ◽  
Temperature Performance

Abstract BRUSH chromium copper alloys are heat treatable, corrosion resistant alloys with both high electrical conductivity and strength. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and tensile properties. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as forming and machining. Filing Code: Cu-579. Producer or source: Brush Wellman Inc..

WRM ALLOY C19400

Alloy Digest ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Stress Relaxation ◽  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Copper Alloys ◽  
Rolling Mills ◽  
Relaxation Resistance

Abstract WRM Alloy C19400 has one of the best combinations of electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, forming properties, and stress-relaxation resistance characteristics of high-performance copper alloys for electronic applications. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties. Filing Code: CU-634. Producer or source: Waterbury Rolling Mills Inc. Originally published May 1999, corrected October 1999.

A New Method of Directional Solidification of Cu-Cr Alloy

2013 ◽  
Vol 668 ◽  
pp. 804-807
Author(s):  
Lan Li ◽  
Lin Sheng Li ◽  
Chang Jun Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Continuous Casting ◽  
Directional Solidification ◽  
Copper Alloys ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Copper Matrix ◽  
Solidification Structure ◽  
High Electrical Conductivity ◽  
In Situ Composite

In order to meet the need of high-strength and high-electrical conductivity copper alloys in industry. A method of making high-strength and high-electrical conductivity copper alloys is discussed in this paper. This method uses the technology of heated mold continuous casting to make Cu-Cr alloy. Because it utilizes the high electrical conductivity of copper matrix and high strength of the chromium phase, the in-situ composite Cu-Cr alloy with directional solidification structure is got. The in-situ composite Cu-Cr alloy has good properties and will be widely used in industry.

Revisiting the passivation of stainless steels and other passive CRAs

2018 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean- Louis Crolet
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Base Metal ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Electronic Conductivity ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
General Knowledge ◽  
Inorganic Polymers ◽  
Faraday Cage

All that was said so far about passivity and passivation was indeed based on electrochemical prejudgments, and all based on unverified postulates. However, due the authors’ fame and for lack of anything better, the great many contradictions were carefully ignored. However, when resuming from raw experimental facts and the present general knowledge, it now appears that passivation always begins by the precipitation of a metallic hydroxide gel. Therefore, all the protectiveness mechanisms already known for porous corrosion layers apply, so that this outstanding protectiveness is indeed governed by the chemistry of transport processes throughout the entrapped water. For Al type passivation, the base metal ions only have deep and complete electronic shells, which precludes any electronic conductivity. Then protectiveness can only arise from gel thickening and densification. For Fe type passivation, an incomplete shell of superficial 3d electrons allows an early metallic or semimetallic conductivity in the gel skeleton, at the onset of the very first perfectly ordered inorganic polymers (- MII-O-MIII-O-)n. Then all depends on the acquisition, maintenance or loss of a sufficient electrical conductivity in this Faraday cage. But for both types of passive layers, all the known features can be explained by the chemistry of transport processes, with neither exception nor contradiction.

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