Tissue Engineering by Cell Transplantation Using Degradable Polymer Substrates

1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Cima ◽  
J. P. Vacanti ◽  
C. Vacanti ◽  
D. Ingber ◽  
D. Mooney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Transplantation ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Proper Function ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Polymer Substrates ◽  
Bioresorbable Polymers ◽  
Degradable Polymer ◽  
Cartilage Cells ◽  
And Function ◽  
And Cartilage

This paper reviews our research in developing novel matrices for cell transplantation using bioresorbable polymers. We focus on applications to liver and cartilage as paradigms for regeneration of metabolic and structural tissue, but review the approach in the context of cell transplantation as a whole. Important engineering issues in the design of successful devices are the surface chemistry and surface microstructure, which influence the ability of the cells to attach, grow, and function normally; the porosity and macroscopic dimensions, which affect the transport of nutrients to the implanted cells; the shape, which may be necessary for proper function in tissues like cartilage; and the choice of implantation site, which may be dictated by the total mass of the implant and which may influence the dimensions of the device by the available vascularity. Studies show that both liver and cartilage cells can be transplanted in small animals using this approach.

scholarly journals YAP/TAZ in Bone and Cartilage Biology

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mylène Zarka ◽  
Eric Haÿ ◽  
Martine Cohen-Solal
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fate ◽  
Bone Biology ◽  
Organ Growth ◽  
Cellular Models ◽  
Cartilage Homeostasis ◽  
Cartilage Biology ◽  
Cartilage Cells ◽  
And Function ◽  
And Cartilage

YAP and TAZ were initially described as the main regulators of organ growth during development and more recently implicated in bone biology. YAP and TAZ are regulated by mechanical and cytoskeletal cues that lead to the control of cell fate in response to the cellular microenvironment. The mechanical component represents a major signal for bone tissue adaptation and remodelling, so YAP/TAZ contributes significantly in bone and cartilage homeostasis. Recently, mice and cellular models have been developed to investigate the precise roles of YAP/TAZ in bone and cartilage cells, and which appear to be crucial. This review provides an overview of YAP/TAZ regulation and function, notably providing new insights into the role of YAP/TAZ in bone biology.

scholarly journals Implication of Contactins in Demyelinating Pathologies

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Ilias Kalafatakis ◽  
Maria Savvaki ◽  
Theodora Velona ◽  
Domna Karagogeos
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Cell Adhesion Molecules ◽  
White Matter Lesions ◽  
Myelinated Axon ◽  
Immunoglobulin Superfamily ◽  
Proper Function ◽  
Myelinated Axons ◽  
And Function

Demyelinating pathologies comprise of a variety of conditions where either central or peripheral myelin is attacked, resulting in white matter lesions and neurodegeneration. Myelinated axons are organized into molecularly distinct domains, and this segregation is crucial for their proper function. These defined domains are differentially affected at the different stages of demyelination as well as at the lesion and perilesion sites. Among the main players in myelinated axon organization are proteins of the contactin (CNTN) group of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) of cell adhesion molecules, namely Contactin-1 and Contactin-2 (CNTN1, CNTN2). The two contactins perform their functions through intermolecular interactions, which are crucial for myelinated axon integrity and functionality. In this review, we focus on the implication of these two molecules as well as their interactors in demyelinating pathologies in humans. At first, we describe the organization and function of myelinated axons in the central (CNS) and the peripheral (PNS) nervous system, further analyzing the role of CNTN1 and CNTN2 as well as their interactors in myelination. In the last section, studies showing the correlation of the two contactins with demyelinating pathologies are reviewed, highlighting the importance of these recognition molecules in shaping the function of the nervous system in multiple ways.

ORTHODONTIC PROBLEMS IN PEDIATRIC PRACTICE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 709-721
Author(s):  
T. M. GRABER
Keyword(s):  
Normal Development ◽  
Proper Function ◽  
Dental Arch ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Facial Growth ◽  
Pediatric Practice ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Developmental Disturbances ◽  
And Function ◽  
Jaw Development

ONE of the most important phases of oral health is the form and function of the oral mechanism. That specialty of dentistry which has as its goal the correction of dental malformations and restoration of the continuity and proper function of the teeth and jaws is called orthodontics. While parents have long been concerned with the obvious esthetic disabilities of malposed teeth, the pathologic implications of these malposed teeth have been the primary concern of the orthodontist. Frequently, tooth malpositions or dental malocclusions reflect growth and developmental disturbances of the upper and lower jaws. Crooked teeth are unsightly, but more important, they probably are functioning improperly, or not at all, which seriously impairs the health and longevity of the teeth and investing tissues. Recent studies of facial growth indicate that dental malocclusions may be grouped in three morphologic categories, on the basis of jaw development and individual tooth malpositions. First, are those types of disturbances which are primarily skeletal in nature. These are problems where the maxilla or mandible has assumed an abnormal relationship to one another, usually through an upset in the timetable of normal development. The teeth in each dental arch may be normal in their position when compared to their respective jaws, but the abnormal jaw relationship means that the upper and lower teeth meet improperly during mastication, deglutition and speech. The second group consists of relatively local disturbances, with the teeth malposed, but with normal jaw relationship. The third group is a combination of the first two, with both improper jaw relationship and with teeth in abnormal positions. Within these three broad categories one may find all sorts of tooth malpositions and jaw relationships; the premaxillary segment may be displaced anteriorly, the whole lower dental arch may be retruded, the upper cuspids may be erupting in the palate, etc. Such conditions may be separate or occur in combination.

Growth Induction of Bone and Cartilage Cells by Physical Forces

1986 ◽  
pp. 121-133
Author(s):  
Itzhak Binderman ◽  
Dalia Somjen ◽  
Zvi Shimshoni
Keyword(s):  
Cartilage Cells ◽  
Physical Forces ◽  
And Cartilage ◽  
Growth Induction

Neural Transplantation

1995 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olle Lindvall
Keyword(s):  
Cell Transplantation ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Symptomatic Relief ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Demyelinating Disorders ◽  
And Function ◽  
Further Development

Cell transplantation is now being explored as a new therapeutic strategy to restore function in the diseased human central nervous system. Neural grafts show long-term survival and function in patients with Parkinson's disease but the symptomatic relief needs to be increased. Cell transplantation seems justified in patients with Huntington's disease and, at a later stage, possibly also in demyelinating disorders. The further development in this research field will require systematic studies in animal experiments but also well-designed clinical trials in small groups of patients.

scholarly journals Pilot Study on Frailty and Functionality on Routine Clinical Assessment in Allogeneichematopoietic Cell Transplantation to Predict Outcomes

Blood ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 134 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 380-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Queralt Salas ◽  
Eshetu G Atenafu ◽  
Ora Bascom ◽  
Leeann Wilson ◽  
Arjun Law ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Stem Cell Transplantation ◽  
Grip Strength ◽  
Cell Transplantation ◽  
Waiting Time ◽  
Acute Gvhd ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
And Function

Introduction: Frailty can adversely affect the outcomes of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) but is difficult to measure in busy transplant clinics. The limited published studies have used dedicated trained persons and comprehensive geriatric assessment (GA) tools, which are time consuming (Muffly LS, Haematologica 2014; Holmes HM, J Geriatr Oncol 2014; Rodrigues M, J Geriatr Oncol 2019). The difficulty in application of GA tools by transplant clinicians, residents and nurses in their clinics has resulted in low adoption rates in routine practice. At our center we adopted selected tests for frailty and function which could be conducted during pre-transplant consultation in a busy clinic, without extra waiting time for patients, and using existing staff. The Timed up and Go test (TUGT) was adopted as it could be done in any closed clinic room, without need for a corridor. Thus it was considered safer than a gait speed test and was even applicable to patients in "isolation". We aim to share a preliminary analysis of the applicability and correlation between our selected frailty assessment with transplant outcomes and complications. Methods: Patients referred for transplant underwent the following assessments conducted by different providers. All ages were included. Relevant tests and source of data are as follows: Frailty and function by clinician evaluating (a) Clinical Frailty scale (CFS) with 9 points based on clinical judgement (Rockwood 2005) (b) Lawton's Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). Objective physical performance by nursing BMT coordinator using (a) TUGT and (b) Grip strength using hydraulic "Jamar" hand dynamometer conducted in clinic room at time of documentation. Self assessment by patient completing (a) Self-rated health (SRH) question and (b) a question on falls. Blood tests (a) CRP (b) Albumin. The present study is a single center prospective observational study. Patients who did not proceed to transplant were excluded. Ninety-six consecutive adult allo-HSCT patients were eligible for the present analysis, updated on July 2019. The parameters were individually correlated with overall survival (OS), non-relapse mortality (NRM), cumulative incidence (cum.Inc) of acute GVHD, median time of transplant hospitalization and readmissions. Multivariate analysis was not performed in this pilot study due to limited number of patients and low frequency of adverse events. Results: Baseline characteristics and main post-transplant information are noted in Table 1. Median follow up of cohort was 5 months. Table 2 shows the main outcomes (with normal values). For the entire cohort the median OS at 6 months was 73.9% (range 61.7-82.8), NRM at day+100 was 8.7% (range 2.6-14.7), Cum.Inc of Acute GVHD 41.1% (range 30.1-52.1), Cum.Inc gr II-IV acute GVHD was 25.7% (range 15.6-35.9). Relapse occurred in 8 cases (8.3%) and deaths in 23 (23.9%). A TUGT of more than 10 seconds and raised CRP predicted poor OS (p<0.05). Abnormal TUGT, SRH question score of <A (excellent), lower albumin levels and raised CRP levels correlated with high NRM (p<0.05). A Clinical Frailty Score of more than 2, limitations of 1 or more IADLs, Grip strength below normal for age and sex, TUGT >10 seconds, SRH question <A, and lower albumin level were significant predictors for a longer median duration of transplant hospitalization. No frailty or functionality parameter correlated significantly with the Cum.Inc of any grade of acute GVHD, grade II-IV acute GVHD or the risk of rehospitalization after alloHSCT. Conclusions: Our pilot study shows that with selected brief tools, frailty and functionality can be assessed as part of routine clinical practice in allogeneic-stem cell transplantation in all age groups without extra waiting time for patients or additional human resources. TUGT is a useful prognostic tool which can be conducted in a clinic room and correlates with OS, NRM, and duration of hospitalization. Larger number of patients and longer follow-up will help to evaluate the different assessment modalities as prognostic tools in allo-HSCT and their wider applicability. Disclosures Michelis: CSL Behring: Other: Financial Support. Mattsson:Gilead: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria; Therakos: Honoraria.

Decision-Making and Management of Immature Permanent Teeth with Crown Fractures in Small Animals—A Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 089875642110463
Author(s):  
Amalia Zacher ◽  
Sandra Manfra Marretta
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Mineral Trioxide Aggregate ◽  
Permanent Teeth ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Unique Challenge ◽  
Pulp Capping ◽  
Pulp Therapy ◽  
Vital Pulp Therapy ◽  
Pulp Vitality ◽  
And Function

Immature permanent teeth with crown fractures present a unique challenge in human and animal patients. Immature permanent teeth have not yet developed completely, often presenting with thin dentin walls, incomplete apical formation, and increased crown-to-root ratios. Loss of pulp function at this stage has devastating long-term implications for these teeth. Ideally, attempts should be made to preserve pulp vitality in immature permanent teeth to allow for continued dental development. The range of treatment options for vital teeth includes odontoplasty with bonding and sealing +/− restoration, indirect pulp capping, and direct pulp capping/vital pulp therapy. These treatments have long been established in human and veterinary medicine, and cases have been reported in dogs and cats. Apexification using calcium hydroxide is a well-established treatment for nonvital immature teeth. The advent of mineral trioxide aggregate and other bioceramic materials for use in vital pulp therapy and apexification has reduced treatment sessions and improved outcomes. Recent developments in the field of regenerative endodontic therapy further expand treatment options and provide the possibility for continued development of a formerly nonvital tooth. Selecting the appropriate treatment based on the severity of tooth fracture and status of pulp vitality can avoid a lifetime of poor structure and function for the affected tooth. This article provides multiple step-by-step protocols for the management of immature permanent teeth with crown fractures in small animals.

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