Sulfur Chemistry and Its Role in Corrosion and Deposits

Sulfur in fuel oil and coal, and its resultant oxidation to SO3 during combustion, is a recognized factor in corrosion and deposits. As a step toward controlling the formation of SO3, and eventually controlling the conditions and rate of corrosion, a program has been undertaken under ASME support to establish, among other things, the mechanism by which sulfur compounds are oxidized to SO2 and to SO3 in flames. The present paper reviews some of the basic thermodynamics and reaction kinetics pertaining to the oxidation of H2S and SO2, and to the SO2–SO3 equilibrium. Included in the review are discussions of the stability of H2S, the slow oxidation of sulfur vapor and of H2S, the induction period (preignition) reactions leading to the fast, explosive oxidation of H2S, and effects of additives on the explosion reaction. The heterogeneous (catalyzed) oxidation of SO2 is discussed in terms of the effects of specific catalysts on the SO2–SO3 equilibrium.

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One step non-hydrodesulfurization of fuel oil: Catalyzed oxidation adsorption desulfurization over HPWA-SBA-15

Journal of Molecular Catalysis A Chemical ◽

10.1016/j.molcata.2006.08.058 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 262 (1-2) ◽

pp. 114-118 ◽

Cited By ~ 64

Author(s):

Lina Yang ◽

Jian Li ◽

Xingdong Yuan ◽

Jian Shen ◽

Yutai Qi

Keyword(s):

Fuel Oil ◽

Adsorption Desulfurization ◽

One Step ◽

Catalyzed Oxidation

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Oxidative Extractive Desulfurization System for Fuel Oil Using Acidic Eutectic-Based Ionic Liquid

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr9061050 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 1050

Author(s):

Sarrthesvaarni Rajasuriyan ◽

Hayyiratul Fatimah Mohd Zaid ◽

Mohd Faridzuan Majid ◽

Raihan Mahirah Ramli ◽

Khairulazhar Jumbri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquids ◽

Removal Efficiency ◽

Environmental Effects ◽

Sulfur Compounds ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Fuel Oil ◽

Organosulfur Compounds ◽

Dsc Analysis ◽

Oil Refineries ◽

Desulfurization Process

The biggest challenge faced in oil refineries is the removal of sulfur compounds in fuel oil. The sulfur compounds which are found in fuel oil such as gasoline and diesel, react with oxygen in the atmosphere to produce sulfur oxide (SOx) gases when combusted. These sulfur compounds produced from the reaction with oxygen in the atmosphere may result in various health problems and environmental effects. Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) is the conventional process used to remove sulfur compounds from fuel oil. However, the high operating conditions required for this process and its inefficiency in removing the organosulfur compounds turn to be the major drawbacks of this system. Researchers have also studied several alternatives to remove sulfur from fuel oil. The use of ionic liquids (ILs) has also drawn the interest of researchers to incorporate them in the desulfurization process. The environmental effects resulting from the use of these ILs can be eliminated using eutectic-based ionic liquids (EILs), which are known as greener solvents. In this research, a combination of extractive desulfurization (EDS) and oxidative desulfurization (ODS) using a photocatalyst and EIL was studied. The photocatalyst used is a pre-reported catalyst, Cu-Fe/TiO2 and the EIL were synthesized by mixing choline chloride (ChCl) with organic acids. The acids used for the EILs were propionic acid (PA) and p-toluenesulfonic acid (TSA). The EILs synthesized were characterized using thermogravimetry analyser (TGA) differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis to determine the physical properties of the EILs. Based on the TGA analysis, ChCl (1): PA (3) obtained the highest thermal stability whereas, as for the DSC analysis, all synthesized EILs have a lower melting point than its pure component. Further evaluation on the best EIL for the desulfurization process was carried out in a photo-reactor under UV light in the presence of Cu-Fe/TiO2 photocatalyst and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Once the oxidation and extraction process were completed, the oil phase of the mixture was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure the sulfur removal efficiency. In terms of the desulfurization efficiency, the EIL of ChCl (1): TSA (2) showed a removal efficiency of about 99.07%.

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Reaction Kinetics of Gasoline Sulfur Compounds

Environmental Catalysis - ACS Symposium Series ◽

10.1021/bk-1994-0552.ch023 ◽

1994 ◽

pp. 286-296 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Robert H. Harding ◽

Robert R. Gatte ◽

Jacqueline A. Whitecavage ◽

Richard F. Wormsbecher

Keyword(s):

Reaction Kinetics ◽

Sulfur Compounds ◽

Kinetics Of

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An Appraisal of Developments in Allium Sulfur Chemistry: Expanding the Pharmacopeia of Garlic

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24214006 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (21) ◽

pp. 4006 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Peter Rose ◽

Philip Keith Moore ◽

Matthew Whiteman ◽

Yi-Zhun Zhu

Keyword(s):

Biological Effects ◽

Sulfur Compounds ◽

Biological Assessment ◽

Nutrient Metabolism ◽

Sulfur Chemistry ◽

Anticancer Properties ◽

Metabolic Systems ◽

Models Of Disease ◽

Synthetic Derivatives ◽

Derivatives Of

Alliums and allied plant species are rich sources of sulfur compounds that have effects on vascular homeostasis and the control of metabolic systems linked to nutrient metabolism in mammals. In view of the multiple biological effects ascribed to these sulfur molecules, researchers are now using these compounds as inspiration for the synthesis and development of novel sulfur-based therapeutics. This research has led to the chemical synthesis and biological assessment of a diverse array of sulfur compounds representative of derivatives of S-alkenyl-l-cysteine sulfoxides, thiosulfinates, ajoene molecules, sulfides, and S-allylcysteine. Many of these synthetic derivatives have potent antimicrobial and anticancer properties when tested in preclinical models of disease. Therefore, the current review provides an overview of advances in the development and biological assessment of synthetic analogs of allium-derived sulfur compounds.

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Organic Sulfur Compounds. V. Alkylammonium Thiolate and Peroxide Salts; Possible Intermediates in Amine-Catalyzed Oxidation of Mercaptans by Hydroperoxides

The Journal of Organic Chemistry ◽

10.1021/jo01068a078 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 26 (10) ◽

pp. 3969-3974 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

ALEXIS A. OSWALD ◽

FERNAND NOEL ◽

ARTHUR J. STEPHENSON

Keyword(s):

Sulfur Compounds ◽

Organic Sulfur ◽

Organic Sulfur Compounds ◽

Catalyzed Oxidation

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SALVAGING OIL IN THE SOUTH ATLANTIC1

International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings ◽

10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-1333 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 2001 (2) ◽

pp. 1333-1336

Author(s):

Richard Tatner

Keyword(s):

Oil Pollution ◽

Local Environment ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Structural Condition ◽

Fuel Oil ◽

The South ◽

South Georgia ◽

Specialized Equipment ◽

The Stability ◽

Oil Tanks

ABSTRACT Oil Spill Response Limited (OSRL) was contracted by the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands (SGSSI) government to conduct an investigation into the stability and potential oil pollution problem of three ex-whale/seal catcher vessels. The three vessels sunken/semisubmerged at their moorings are located in Grytviken Harbour on the Island of South Georgia located over 900 miles south east of the Falkland Islands. The purpose of the survey was threefold: (1) to corroborate previous surveys and quantify the amount of oil remaining in the three vessels; (2) to recommend a remedial solution whilst simultaneously looking into putting together the logistic to tangibly rectify the problem long term; and (3) finally and most importantly, to complete all of this without upsetting this fragile environment and ecology of the harbor and more over the Island of South Georgia. The ex-whale catch Petrel was the primary interest. A report was required on the vessels structural condition and content of her fuel oil tanks in respect to there being an imminent risk of more oil escaping from a damaged fuel oil tank into the marine environment and having an environmental impact. Recommendations were required on the feasibility of removing the oil and stabilizing the vessel. This brief applied equally to the ex-whale/seal catchers Albatross and Dias. The investigation revealed the quantity of fuel oil contained within the Petrel to be less than expected. In addition, the oil had not deteriorated as might have been expected considering the number of years in the tanks. A sample of fuel oil was taken and sent for analysis on return. The potential risk of a large spill from the damaged tank and the threat to the local environment were found to be negligible. Removal of the fuel oil from the tanks is considered to be fairly straightforward given the correct equipment and weather conditions. The investigation of the Albatross and Dias found these two vessels to be in worse structural condition by comparison with the Petrel. The two vessels were found to be more difficult to examine due to the greater percentage of their structure being below water. Examination of their fuel tanks to determine contents was not possible because of the fuel tank hatches being permanently submerged. Investigation and removal of any oil found within the tanks of the two vessels is possible, but, unlike the Petrel, specialized equipment would be required (Figure I).

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