Structure Synthesis of Single-Driven Metamorphic Mechanisms Based on the Augmented Assur Groups

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shujun Li ◽  
Jian S. Dai
Keyword(s):  
Structure Formation ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Composition Rule ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Planar Mechanisms ◽  
Kinematic Synthesis ◽  
Structure Synthesis ◽  
The One ◽  
Synthesis Methodology ◽  
Metamorphic Mechanisms

This paper presents a new way of structure composition of single-driven metamorphic mechanisms to develop a systematic and modularized structure synthesis methodology of metamorphic mechanisms based on augmented Assur groups (AAGs). Planar metamorphic mechanisms can hence be constructed based on the developed AAGs by applying the structure composition rule of general planar mechanisms formed by Assur groups (AGs). First, the one-mobility AAGs are introduced based on class II and class III AGs; the structure formulation and composition methodology of planar metamorphic mechanisms are then proposed based on the AAGs, and the basic problems including mobility and synthesis of constrained metamorphic working mobility-configuration are investigated. This leads to the investigation of the degenerated equivalent AGs of AAGs in the metamorphic process and the corresponding kinematic characteristics, providing references for kinematic synthesis of metamorphic mechanisms. Further, a typical spatial metamorphic group is introduced based on the concept of AAGs, and the structure formation and composition of spatial metamorphic mechanisms are presented. Examples show that both planar and spatial metamorphic mechanisms can be constructed by utilizing the one-mobility blocks extended from the AGs.

scholarly journals Biological safety cabinetry.

1991 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
R H Kruse ◽  
W H Puckett ◽  
J H Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Antineoplastic Agents ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Clean Room ◽  
Air Filter ◽  
Biological Safety ◽  
Design Function ◽  
Laboratory Workers ◽  
The One

The biological safety cabinet is the one piece of laboratory and pharmacy equipment that provides protection for personnel, the product, and the environment. Through the history of laboratory-acquired infections from the earliest published case to the emergence of hepatitis B and AIDS, the need for health care worker protection is described. A brief description with design, construction, function, and production capabilities is provided for class I and class III safety cabinets. The development of the high-efficiency particulate air filter provided the impetus for clean room technology, from which evolved the class II laminar flow biological safety cabinet. The clean room concept was advanced when the horizontal airflow clean bench was manufactured; it became popular in pharmacies for preparing intravenous solutions because the product was protected. However, as with infectious microorganisms and laboratory workers, individual sensitization to antibiotics and the advent of hazardous antineoplastic agents changed the thinking of pharmacists and nurses, and they began to use the class II safety cabinet to prevent adverse personnel reactions to the drugs. How the class II safety cabinet became the mainstay in laboratories and pharmacies is described, and insight is provided into the formulation of National Sanitation Foundation standard number 49 and its revisions. The working operations of a class II cabinet are described, as are the variations of the four types with regard to design, function, air velocity profiles, and the use of toxins. The main certification procedures are explained, with examples of improper or incorrect certifications. The required levels of containment for microorganisms are given. Instructions for decontaminating the class II biological safety cabinet of infectious agents are provided; unfortunately, there is no method for decontaminating the cabinet of antineoplastic agents.

scholarly journals Perception of Profile among Laypeople, Dental Students and Orthodontic Patients

2008 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 983-987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eser Tufekci ◽  
Arousha Jahangiri ◽  
Steven J. Lindauer
Keyword(s):  
Kappa Statistic ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
Facial Appearance ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Orthodontic Patients ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Objective: To determine whether there are differences in self-awareness and perception of an individual's own profile among various groups. Materials and Methods: Laypeople, orthodontic patients, and first (D1) and third-year dental (D3) students were surveyed (n = 75 each). The participants answered a questionnaire regarding how they felt about their own profile and teeth. They also chose from among various silhouettes the one that most resembled their own profile. Profile photos of participants were analyzed by two orthodontists who matched the individual to the depicted silhouettes. Agreement between participants and experts was evaluated using the Kappa statistic. Differences among groups in identifying their own profiles and differences among profile types in satisfaction with their appearance were compared using χ2. Results: Overall agreement between the individuals' perceptions of their own profiles and evaluation by orthodontists was 53% (κ = .15). The four groups were different in their ability to recognize their own profile (P < .05). D3s were most accurate (64%, κ = .28), followed by D1s (57%, κ = .10), orthodontic patients (48%, κ = .19), and laypeople (43%, κ = .04). Individuals who considered themselves as having a Class II or III profile were less satisfied with the appearance of their profiles (P < .05). Those who considered themselves as having a Class III profile were also less happy with the appearance of their teeth (P < .05). Conclusions: This study suggests that about half the population cannot characterize their own profile. However, subjects who perceived their own profiles as being different from average were more likely to be unhappy with their facial appearance.

scholarly journals Environmental Cadmium Exposure and Dental Indices in Orthodontic Patients

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 413
Author(s):  
Hui-Ling Chen ◽  
Jason Chen-Chieh Fang ◽  
Chia-Jung Chang ◽  
Ti-Feng Wu ◽  
I-Kuan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cadmium Concentration ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Cadmium Exposure ◽  
Class I ◽  
P Value ◽  
Tooth Decay ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Orthodontic Patients ◽  
Urine Cadmium ◽  
The Mean

Background. Previous studies have shown that environmental cadmium exposure could disrupt salivary gland function and is associated with dental caries and reduced bone density. Therefore, this cross-sectional study attempted to determine whether tooth decay with tooth loss following cadmium exposure is associated with some dental or skeletal traits such as malocclusions, sagittal skeletal pattern, and tooth decay. Methods. Between August 2019 and June 2020, 60 orthodontic patients with no history of previous orthodontics, functional appliances, or surgical treatment were examined. The patients were stratified into two groups according to their urine cadmium concentrations: high (>1.06 µg/g creatinine, n = 28) or low (<1.06 µg/g creatinine, n = 32). Results. The patients were 25.07 ± 4.33 years old, and most were female (female/male: 51/9 or 85%). The skeletal relationship was mainly Class I (48.3%), followed by Class II (35.0%) and Class III (16.7%). Class I molar relationships were found in 46.7% of these patients, Class II molar relationships were found in 15%, and Class III molar relationships were found in 38.3%. The mean decayed, missing, and filled surface (DMFS) score was 8.05 ± 5.54, including 2.03 ± 3.11 for the decayed index, 0.58 ± 1.17 for the missing index, and 5.52 ± 3.92 for the filled index. The mean index of complexity outcome and need (ICON) score was 53.35 ± 9.01. The facial patterns of these patients were within the average low margin (26.65 ± 5.53 for Frankfort–mandibular plane angle (FMA)). There were no significant differences in the above-mentioned dental indices between patients with high urine cadmium concentrations and those with low urine cadmium concentrations. Patients were further stratified into low (<27, n = 34), average (27–34, n = 23), and high (>34, n = 3) FMA groups. There were no statistically significant differences in the urine cadmium concentration among the three groups. Nevertheless, a marginally significant p-value of 0.05 for urine cadmium concentration was noted between patients with low FMA and patients with high FMA. Conclusion. This analysis found no association between environmental cadmium exposure and dental indices in our orthodontic patients.

scholarly journals Genetic Control of Recombination Partner Preference in Yeast Meiosis: Isolation and Characterization of Mutants Elevated for Meiotic Unequal Sister-Chromatid Recombination

Genetics ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 153 (2) ◽  
pp. 621-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawn A Thompson ◽  
Franklin W Stahl
Keyword(s):  
Sister Chromatid ◽  
Meiotic Recombination ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Viability Analysis ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Recombination Checkpoint ◽  
Recombination Pathway ◽  
Checkpoint Genes ◽  
Sister Chromatid Recombination

AbstractMeiotic exchange occurs preferentially between homologous chromatids, in contrast to mitotic recombination, which occurs primarily between sister chromatids. To identify functions that direct meiotic recombination events to homologues, we screened for mutants exhibiting an increase in meiotic unequal sister-chromatid recombination (SCR). The msc (meiotic sister-chromatid recombination) mutants were quantified in spo13 meiosis with respect to meiotic unequal SCR frequency, disome segregation pattern, sporulation frequency, and spore viability. Analysis of the msc mutants according to these criteria defines three classes. Mutants with a class I phenotype identified new alleles of the meiosis-specific genes RED1 and MEK1, the DNA damage checkpoint genes RAD24 and MEC3, and a previously unknown gene, MSC6. The genes RED1, MEK1, RAD24, RAD17, and MEC1 are required for meiotic prophase arrest induced by a dmc1 mutation, which defines a meiotic recombination checkpoint. Meiotic unequal SCR was also elevated in a rad17 mutant. Our observation that meiotic unequal SCR is elevated in meiotic recombination checkpoint mutants suggests that, in addition to their proposed monitoring function, these checkpoint genes function to direct meiotic recombination events to homologues. The mutants in class II, including a dmc1 mutant, confer a dominant meiotic lethal phenotype in diploid SPO13 meiosis in our strain background, and they identify alleles of UBR1, INP52, BUD3, PET122, ELA1, and MSC1-MSC3. These results suggest that DMC1 functions to bias the repair of meiosis-specific double-strand breaks to homologues. We hypothesize that the genes identified by the class II mutants function in or are regulators of the DMC1-promoted interhomologue recombination pathway. Class III mutants may be elevated for rates of both SCR and homologue exchange.

scholarly journals Genetics and epigenetics of class II and class III malocclusions

2021 ◽  
Vol 1943 (1) ◽  
pp. 012091
Author(s):  
M Subono ◽  
I R N Alima ◽  
E I Auerkari
Keyword(s):  
Class Ii ◽  
Class Iii

scholarly journals Lifestyle modification for weight loss: effects on cardiorespiratory capacity in Patients with Class II and Class III Obesity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Finn Wammer ◽  
Andrea Haberberger ◽  
Anita Dyb Linge ◽  
Tor Åge Myklebust ◽  
Sveinung Vemøy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Lifestyle Modification ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Class Iii Obesity

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Nasolabial Angle in Orthodontic Diagnosis: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2531
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Quinzi ◽  
Licia Coceani Paskay ◽  
Nicola D’Andrea ◽  
Arianna Albani ◽  
Annalisa Monaco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Palatal Expansion ◽  
Rapid Palatal Expansion ◽  
Nasolabial Angle ◽  
Registration Number ◽  
Teeth Extraction

Background: This study is a systematic literature review aiming at identifying the variation of the average nasolabial angle (NLA) in various orthodontic situations. The NLA is one of the key factors to be studied in an orthodontic diagnosis for the aesthetics of the nose and facial profile. Methods: Out of 3118 articles resulting from four search engines (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Turning Research Into Practice (TRIP) and SciELO), the final study allowed the analysis and comparison of only 26 studies. These included studies have considered the NLA in the following cases: teeth extraction, class II malocclusion, class III malocclusion, rapid palatal expansion (RPE), orthognathic surgery, and non-surgical rhinoplasty with a hyaluronic acid filler. Results: The results indicate that teeth extraction and the use of hyaluronic acid fillers significantly affect the NLA. Conclusions: This systematic review shows that a statistically significant change in NLA values occurs in: extractive treatments of all four of the first or second premolars in class I patients; in class II patients with upper maxillary protrusion; in patients with maxillary biprotrusion, except for cases of severe crowding; and in patients undergoing non-surgical rhinoplasty with a hyaluronic acid filler. Trial registration number: PROSPERO CRD42020185166

scholarly journals Atypical, Non-V600 BRAF Mutations as a Potential Mechanism of Resistance to EGFR Inhibition in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benny Johnson ◽  
Jonathan M. Loree ◽  
Alexandre A. Jacome ◽  
Shehara Mendis ◽  
Muddassir Syed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Metastatic Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Stable Disease ◽  
Kinase Activity ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Braf Mutations ◽  
Egfr Inhibition ◽  
Mechanism Of Resistance

PURPOSE Atypical, non-V600 BRAF ( aBRAF) mutations represent a rare molecular subtype of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Preclinical data are used to categorize aBRAF mutations into class II (intermediate to high levels of kinase activity, RAS independent) and III (low kinase activity level, RAS dependent). The clinical impact of these mutations on anti-EGFR treatment efficacy is unknown. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data from 2,084 patients with mCRC at a single institution and from an external cohort of 5,257 circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) samples were retrospectively analyzed. Overall survival (OS) was calculated using Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests. Statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS BRAF mutations were harbored by 257 patients, including 36 with aBRAF mutations: 22 class III, 10 class II, four unclassified. For patients with aBRAF mCRC, median OS was 36.1 months, without a difference between classes, and median OS was 21.0 months for patients with BRAFV600E mCRC. In contrast to right-sided predominance of tumors with BRAFV600E mutation, 53% of patients with aBRAF mCRC had left-sided primary tumors. Concurrent RAS mutations were noted in 33% of patients with aBRAF mCRC, and 67% of patients had microsatellite stable disease. Among patients with aBRAF RAS wild-type mCRC who received anti-EGFR antibodies (monotherapy, n = 1; combination therapy, n = 10), no responses to anti-EGFR therapy were reported, and six patients (four with class III aBRAF mutations, one with class II, and one unclassified) achieved stable disease as best response. Median time receiving therapy was 4 months (range, 1 to 16). In the ctDNA cohort, there was an increased prevalence of aBRAF mutations and subclonal aBRAF mutations ( P < .001 for both) among predicted anti-EGFR exposed compared with nonexposed patients. CONCLUSION Efficacy of anti-EGFR therapy is limited in class II and III aBRAF mCRC. Detection of aBRAF mutations in ctDNA after EGFR inhibition may represent a novel mechanism of resistance.

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