Quantifying Design Freedom in Decision-Based Conceptual Design

Volume 4: 12th International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology ◽

10.1115/detc2000/dtm-14577 ◽

2000 ◽

Author(s):

William H. Wood

Keyword(s):

Conceptual Design ◽

Design Space ◽

Design Evaluation ◽

Design Problems ◽

The Cost ◽

Analysis Models ◽

Decision Based Design ◽

The Impact ◽

Design Freedom ◽

Probabilistic Entropy

Abstract Formal methods for conceptual design must embrace the uncertainty that pervades the earliest parts of the design process. Operating over this uncertainty, decision-based design measures the value of restricting the design space as well as the impact of refining design evaluation or analysis models. Missing from this framework is the cost in terms of design freedom of restricting the design space. We propose a measure of design freedom based on probabilistic entropy and demonstrate its application to two example conceptual design problems.

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Investigating the Significance of “One-to-Many” Mappings in Multiobjective Optimization

Volume 1: 36th Design Automation Conference, Parts A and B ◽

10.1115/detc2010-28689 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Peter Simov ◽

Scott Ferguson

Keyword(s):

Design Space ◽

Design Problems ◽

Performance Space ◽

Trade Offs ◽

Engineering Design Problems ◽

Conflicting Objectives ◽

Significant Research ◽

Multiobjective Design ◽

Design Freedom ◽

Made In

Significant research has focused on multiobjective design optimization and negotiating trade-offs between conflicting objectives. Many times, this research has referred to the possibility of attaining similar performance from multiple, unique design combinations. While such occurrences may allow for greater design freedom, their significance has yet to be quantified for trade-off decisions made in the design space (DS). In this paper, we computationally explore which regions of the performance space (PS) exhibit “one-to-many” mappings back to the DS, and examine the behavior and validity of the corresponding region associated with this mapping. Regions of interest in the PS and DS are identified and generated using indifference thresholds to effectively “discretize” both spaces. The properties analyzed in this work are a mapped region’s location in the PS and DS and the total hypervolume of the mappings. Our proposed approach is demonstrated on two different multiobjective engineering problems. The results indicate that one-to-many mappings occur in engineering design problems, and that while these mappings can result in significant design space freedom, they often result in notable performance sacrifice.

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A SURVEY OF ALGORITHMS AND ARCHITECTURES FOR H.264 SUB-PIXEL MOTION ESTIMATION

Journal of Circuits System and Computers ◽

10.1142/s0218126612500168 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 21 (03) ◽

pp. 1250016

Author(s):

MOHAMMAD REZA HOSSEINY FATEMI ◽

HASAN F. ATES ◽

ROSLI SALLEH

Keyword(s):

Motion Estimation ◽

Design Space ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Future Prospects ◽

Design Problems ◽

Emerging Trends ◽

Hardware Architectures ◽

The Impact ◽

Design Challenges ◽

Challenges And Strategies

This paper reviews recent state-of-the-art H.264 sub-pixel motion estimation (SME) algorithms and architectures. First, H.264 SME is analyzed and the impact of its functionalities on coding performance is investigated. Then, design space of SME algorithms is explored representing design problems, approaches, and recent advanced algorithms. Besides, design challenges and strategies of SME hardware architectures are discussed and promising architectures are surveyed. Further perspectives and future prospects are also presented to highlight emerging trends and outlook of SME designs.

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Comparison of Probability and Possibility for Design Against Catastrophic Failure Under Uncertainty

Journal of Mechanical Design ◽

10.1115/1.1701878 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 126 (3) ◽

pp. 386-394 ◽

Cited By ~ 78

Author(s):

Efstratios Nikolaidis ◽

Sophie Chen ◽

Harley Cudney ◽

Raphael T. Haftka ◽

Raluca Rosca

Keyword(s):

Probabilistic Models ◽

Failure Modes ◽

Probabilistic Design ◽

Design Problems ◽

Uncertain Variables ◽

The Cost ◽

Available Information ◽

Assessment Problems ◽

The Impact ◽

Theoretical Foundations

This paper compares probabilistic and possibility-based methods for design under uncertainty. It studies the effect of the amount of data about uncertainty on the effectiveness of each method. Only systems whose failure is catastrophic are considered, where catastrophic means that the boundary between success and failure is sharp. First, the paper examines the theoretical foundations of probability and possibility, focusing on the impact of the differences between the two theories on design. Then the paper compares the two theories on design problems. A major difference between probability and possibility is in the axioms about the union of events. Because of this difference, probability and possibility calculi are fundamentally different and one cannot simulate possibility calculus using probabilistic models. Possibility-based methods tend to underestimate the risk of failure of systems with many failure modes. For example, the possibility of failure of a series system of nominally identical components is equal to the possibility of failure of a single component. When designing for safety, the two methods try to maximize safety in radically different ways and consequently may produce significantly different designs. Probability minimizes the system failure probability whereas possibility maximizes the normalized deviation of the uncertain variables from their nominal values that the system can tolerate without failure. In contrast to probabilistic design, which accounts for the cost of reducing the probability of each failure mode in design, possibility tries to equalize the possibilities of failure of the failure modes, regardless of the attendant cost. In many safety assessment problems, one can easily determine the most conservative possibilistic model that is consistent with the available information, whereas this is not the case with probabilistic models. When we have sufficient data to build accurate probabilistic models of the uncertain variables, probabilistic design is better than possibility-based design. However, when designers need to make subjective decisions, both probabilistic and possibility-based designs can be useful. The reason is that large differences in these designs can alert designers to problems with the probabilistic design associated with insufficient data and tell them that they have more flexibility in the design than they may have known.

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Quality by design modelling to support rapid RNA vaccine production against emerging infectious diseases

npj Vaccines ◽

10.1038/s41541-021-00322-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Damien van de Berg ◽

Zoltán Kis ◽

Carl Fredrik Behmer ◽

Karnyart Samnuan ◽

Anna K. Blakney ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Qualitative Methodology ◽

Quality By Design ◽

Design Space ◽

Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽

Rapid Response ◽

Vaccine Production ◽

Production Platform ◽

The Cost ◽

The Impact ◽

Rna Vaccine

AbstractRapid-response vaccine production platform technologies, including RNA vaccines, are being developed to combat viral epidemics and pandemics. A key enabler of rapid response is having quality-oriented disease-agnostic manufacturing protocols ready ahead of outbreaks. We are the first to apply the Quality by Design (QbD) framework to enhance rapid-response RNA vaccine manufacturing against known and future viral pathogens. This QbD framework aims to support the development and consistent production of safe and efficacious RNA vaccines, integrating a novel qualitative methodology and a quantitative bioprocess model. The qualitative methodology identifies and assesses the direction, magnitude and shape of the impact of critical process parameters (CPPs) on critical quality attributes (CQAs). The mechanistic bioprocess model quantifies and maps the effect of four CPPs on the CQA of effective yield of RNA drug substance. Consequently, the first design space of an RNA vaccine synthesis bioreactor is obtained. The cost-yield optimization together with the probabilistic design space contribute towards automation of rapid-response, high-quality RNA vaccine production.

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Using Response Surface Approximations to Cover Holes in the Design Space: Conceptual Design of a Missile

Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.1527056 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 224-231 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

M. Alexandra Scho¨nning ◽

Jamal F. Nayfeh ◽

P. Richard Zarda

Keyword(s):

Response Surface ◽

Conceptual Design ◽

Design Of Experiment ◽

Design Problem ◽

Design Space ◽

Multidisciplinary Optimization ◽

Design Problems ◽

Response Surface Approximations ◽

Type Design ◽

Practical Engineering

The objective of this paper is to demonstrate an innovative and practical technique in which multidisciplinary optimization can be carried out while there exist points in the design space for which a response cannot be evaluated. It will also be demonstrated how design of experiment and response surface approximations are used to eliminate other complications associated with optimization of large-scaled designs. A multidisciplinary highly coupled air-to-air sparrow like missile design problem will be introduced to demonstrate the practical side of design optimization. The intention here is to provide practical engineering recommendations to others attempting to optimize industrial type design problems.

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Demonstrating Nutrient Cost Gradients: A Brooklyn Case Study

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831/a000210 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 84 (5-6) ◽

pp. 244-251 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Robert J. Karp ◽

Gary Wong ◽

Marguerite Orsi

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Energy Content ◽

Food Selection ◽

The United States ◽

United States Department ◽

Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽

Caloric Density ◽

Low Income Families ◽

The Cost ◽

The Impact

Abstract. Introduction: Foods dense in micronutrients are generally more expensive than those with higher energy content. These cost-differentials may put low-income families at risk of diminished micronutrient intake. Objectives: We sought to determine differences in the cost for iron, folate, and choline in foods available for purchase in a low-income community when assessed for energy content and serving size. Methods: Sixty-nine foods listed in the menu plans provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for low-income families were considered, in 10 domains. The cost and micronutrient content for-energy and per-serving of these foods were determined for the three micronutrients. Exact Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparisons of energy costs; Spearman rho tests for comparisons of micronutrient content. Ninety families were interviewed in a pediatric clinic to assess the impact of food cost on food selection. Results: Significant differences between domains were shown for energy density with both cost-for-energy (p < 0.001) and cost-per-serving (p < 0.05) comparisons. All three micronutrient contents were significantly correlated with cost-for-energy (p < 0.01). Both iron and choline contents were significantly correlated with cost-per-serving (p < 0.05). Of the 90 families, 38 (42 %) worried about food costs; 40 (44 %) had chosen foods of high caloric density in response to that fear, and 29 of 40 families experiencing both worry and making such food selection. Conclusion: Adjustments to USDA meal plans using cost-for-energy analysis showed differentials for both energy and micronutrients. These differentials were reduced using cost-per-serving analysis, but were not eliminated. A substantial proportion of low-income families are vulnerable to micronutrient deficiencies.

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TRANSFER FİYATLAMA UYGULAMASININ İŞLETME PERFORMANSINA ETKİSİ VE VERGİSEL AÇIDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Business And Management Studies An International Journal ◽

10.15295/bmij.v1i2.63 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 187

Author(s):

Serdar KUZU

Keyword(s):

Business Performance ◽

Transfer Pricing ◽

Tax Law ◽

Economic Activities ◽

Tax System ◽

Goods And Services ◽

Tax Legislation ◽

International Transactions ◽

The Cost ◽

The Impact

The size of international trade continues to extend rapidly from day to day as a result of the globalization process. This situation causes an increase in the economic activities of businesses in the trading area. One of the main objectives of the cost system applied in businesses is to be able to monitor the competitors and the changes that can be occured as a result of the developments in the sector. Thus, making cost accounting that is proper according to IAS / IFRS and tax legislation has become one of the strategic targets of the companies in most countries. In this respect, businesses should form their cost and pricing systems according to new regulations. Transfer pricing practice is usefull in setting the most proper price for goods that are subject to the transaction, in evaluating the performance of the responsibility centers of business, and in determining if the inter-departmental pricing system is consistent with targets of the business. The taxing powers of different countries and also the taxing powers of different institutions in a country did not overlap. Because of this reason, bringing new regulations to the tax system has become essential. The transfer pricing practice that has been incorporated into the Turkish Tax System is one of the these regulations. The transfer pricing practice which includes national and international transactions has been included in the Corporate Tax Law and Income Tax Law. The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of goods and services transfer that will occur between departments of businesses on the responsibility center and business performance, and also the impact of transfer pricing practice on the business performance on the basis of tax-related matters. As a result of the study, it can be said that transfer pricing practice has an impact on business performance in terms of both price and tax-related matters.

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Multi-Objective Design Problem of Tire Wear and Visualization of Its Pareto Solutions2

Tire Science and Technology ◽

10.2346/1.2345640 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 170-194 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

M. Koishi ◽

Z. Shida

Keyword(s):

Inverse Problems ◽

Conceptual Design ◽

Dimensional Space ◽

Design Stage ◽

Objective Functions ◽

Pareto Solutions ◽

Design Problems ◽

Multi Objective ◽

Design Engineers ◽

Design Variables

Abstract Since tires carry out many functions and many of them have tradeoffs, it is important to find the combination of design variables that satisfy well-balanced performance in conceptual design stage. To find a good design of tires is to solve the multi-objective design problems, i.e., inverse problems. However, due to the lack of suitable solution techniques, such problems are converted into a single-objective optimization problem before being solved. Therefore, it is difficult to find the Pareto solutions of multi-objective design problems of tires. Recently, multi-objective evolutionary algorithms have become popular in many fields to find the Pareto solutions. In this paper, we propose a design procedure to solve multi-objective design problems as the comprehensive solver of inverse problems. At first, a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) is employed to find the Pareto solutions of tire performance, which are in multi-dimensional space of objective functions. Response surface method is also used to evaluate objective functions in the optimization process and can reduce CPU time dramatically. In addition, a self-organizing map (SOM) proposed by Kohonen is used to map Pareto solutions from high-dimensional objective space onto two-dimensional space. Using SOM, design engineers see easily the Pareto solutions of tire performance and can find suitable design plans. The SOM can be considered as an inverse function that defines the relation between Pareto solutions and design variables. To demonstrate the procedure, tire tread design is conducted. The objective of design is to improve uneven wear and wear life for both the front tire and the rear tire of a passenger car. Wear performance is evaluated by finite element analysis (FEA). Response surface is obtained by the design of experiments and FEA. Using both MOGA and SOM, we obtain a map of Pareto solutions. We can find suitable design plans that satisfy well-balanced performance on the map called “multi-performance map.” It helps tire design engineers to make their decision in conceptual design stage.

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