A New Low-Cost System for Tyre-Road Force Measurements: Design and Validation

The measurement of tyre-road contact forces is the first step towards the development of new control systems for the improvement of vehicle safety and performances. At present, tyre-road contact force measurement systems are very expensive and modify the non suspended vehicle inertia due to their high mass and rotational inertia moment. Thus, vehicle dynamics is significantly affected. The measured contact forces are therefore not fully representative of the contact forces that the tyres will experience during real working conditions. A new low-cost tyre-road contact force measurement system has been developed that is installable on any type of wheel. Its working principle is based on the measurement of three deformations of the wheel. Through a dynamic calibration of the instrumented wheel it is possible to reconstruct all three contact force and torque components once per wheel turn. These forces are then sent to the vehicle chassis and may be used by on-board active control systems to improve vehicle safety and performances. Validation tests were carried out with a vehicle having all four wheels equipped with the low-cost tyre-road contact force measurement system. It was possible to reconstruct contact forces once per wheel turn in any working condition with a precision that is comparable to that of existing high-cost measurement systems ([1], [2], [3], [4], [5]).

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Design and Calibration of a Tri-Directional Contact Force Measurement System

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11020877 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 877

Author(s):

Rizwan Ahmed ◽

Christian Maria Firrone ◽

Stefano Zucca

Keyword(s):

Contact Force ◽

Measurement System ◽

Force Measurement ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Dynamic Contact ◽

Forced Response ◽

Contact Forces ◽

Blade Vibration ◽

Contact Models ◽

Force Measurement System

In low pressure turbine stages, adjacent blades are coupled to each other at their tip by covers, called shrouds. Three-dimensional periodic contact forces at shrouds strongly affect the blade vibration level as energy is dissipated by friction. To validate contact models developed for the prediction of nonlinear forced response of shrouded blades, direct contact force measurement during dynamic tests is mandatory. In case of shrouded blades, the existing unidirectional and bi-directional contact force measurement methods need to be improved and extended to a tri-directional measurement of shroud contact forces for a comprehensive and more reliable validation of the shroud contact models. This demands an accurate and robust measurement solution that is compatible with the nature and orientation of the contact forces at blade shrouds. This study presents a cost effective and adaptable tri-directional force measurement system to measure static and dynamic contact forces simultaneously in three directions at blade shrouds during forced response tests. The system is based on three orthogonal force transducers connected to a reference block that will eventually be put in contact with the blade shroud in the test rig. A calibration process is outlined to define a decoupling matrix and its subsequent validation is demonstrated in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the measurement system to measure the actual contact forces acting on the contact.

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Development of a Bendable Outsole Biaxial Ground Reaction Force Measurement System

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s19112641 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (11) ◽

pp. 2641 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Junghoon Park ◽

Sangjoon Kim ◽

Youngjin Na ◽

Yeongjin Kim ◽

Jung Kim

Keyword(s):

Measurement System ◽

Ground Reaction Force ◽

Force Measurement ◽

Reaction Force ◽

Force Plate ◽

Force Sensors ◽

Measurement Systems ◽

Cantilever Structure ◽

Force Measurement System ◽

Anterior Posterior

Wearable ground reaction force (GRF) measurement systems make it possible to measure the GRF in any environment, unlike a commercial force plate. When performing kinetic analysis with the GRF, measurement of multiaxial GRF is important for evaluating forward and lateral motion during natural gait. In this paper, we propose a bendable GRF measurement system that can measure biaxial (vertical and anterior-posterior) GRF without interrupting the natural gait. Eight custom small biaxial force sensors based on an optical sensing mechanism were installed in the proposed system. The interference between two axes on the custom sensor was minimized by the independent application of a cantilever structure for the two axes, and the hysteresis and repeatability of the custom sensor were investigated. After developing the system by the installation of force sensors, we found that the degree of flexibility of the developed system was comparable to that of regular shoes by investigating the forefoot bending stiffness. Finally, we compared vertical GRF (vGRF) and anterior-posterior GRF (apGRF) measured from the developed system and force plate at the same time when the six subjects walked, ran, and jumped on the force plate to evaluate the performance of the GRF measurement system.

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Plantar pressure measurement system based on piezoelectric sensor: a review

Sensor Review ◽

10.1108/sr-09-2021-0333 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Xiang Li ◽

Keyi Wang ◽

Yan Lin Wang ◽

Kui Cheng Wang

Keyword(s):

Measurement System ◽

Pressure Measurement ◽

Force Measurement ◽

Piezoelectric Materials ◽

Hardware Design ◽

Piezoelectric Sensor ◽

Content Type ◽

Measurement Systems ◽

Plantar Force ◽

Force Measurement System

Purpose Plantar force is the interface pressure existing between the foot plantar surface and the shoe sole during static or dynamic gait. Plantar force derived from gait and posture plays a critical role for rehabilitation, footwear design, clinical diagnostics and sports activities, and so on. This paper aims to review plantar force measurement technologies based on piezoelectric materials, which can make the reader understand preliminary works systematically and provide convenience for researchers to further study. Design/methodology/approach The review introduces working principle of piezoelectric sensor, structures and hardware design of plantar force measurement systems based on piezoelectric materials. The structures of sensors in plantar force measurement systems can be divided into four kinds, including monolayered sensor, multilayered sensor, tri-axial sensor and other sensor. The previous studies about plantar force measurement system based on piezoelectric technology are reviewed in detail, and their characteristics and performances are compared. Findings A good deal of measurement technologies have been studied by researchers to detect and analyze the plantar force. Among these measurement technologies, taking advantage of easy fabrication and high sensitivity, piezoelectric sensor is an ideal candidate sensing element. However, the number and arrangement of the sensors will influence the characteristics and performances of plantar force measurement systems. Therefore, it is necessary to further study plantar force measurement system for better performances. Originality/value So far, many plantar force measurement systems have been proposed, and several reviews already introduced plantar force measurement systems in the aspect of types of pressure sensors, experimental setups for foot pressure measurement analysis and the technologies used in plantar shear stress measurements. However, this paper reviews plantar force measurement systems based on piezoelectric materials. The structures of piezoelectric sensors in the measurement systems are discussed. Hardware design applied to measurement system is summarized. Moreover, the main point of further study is presented in this paper.

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A snake robot joint mechanism with a contact force measurement system

2009 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation ◽

10.1109/robot.2009.5152276 ◽

2009 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

P. Liljeback ◽

S. Fjerdingen ◽

K.Y. Pettersen ◽

O. Stavdahl

Keyword(s):

Contact Force ◽

Measurement System ◽

Force Measurement ◽

Snake Robot ◽

Joint Mechanism ◽

Force Measurement System

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A snake robot with a contact force measurement system for obstacle-aided locomotion

2010 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation ◽

10.1109/robot.2010.5509839 ◽

2010 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Pal Liljebäck ◽

Kristin Y Pettersen ◽

Øyvind Stavdahl

Keyword(s):

Contact Force ◽

Measurement System ◽

Force Measurement ◽

Snake Robot ◽

Force Measurement System

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Low-cost Position and Force Measurement System for Payload Transport Using UAVs

International Journal of Automation and Computing ◽

10.1007/s11633-021-1281-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel Ceferino Gandolfo ◽

Claudio D. Rosales ◽

Lucio R. Salinas ◽

J. Gimenez ◽

Ricardo Carelli

Keyword(s):

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽

Measurement System ◽

Scientific Community ◽

Force Measurement ◽

Low Cost ◽

Future Research ◽

Aerial Vehicles ◽

Outdoor Environments ◽

Force Measurement System ◽

Rotary Wing

AbstractIn recent years, multiple applications have emerged in the area of payload transport using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). This has attracted considerable interest among the scientific community, especially the cases involving one or several rotary-wing UAVs. In this context, this work proposes a novel measurement system which can estimate the payload position and the force exerted by it on the UAV. This measurement system is low cost, easy to implement, and can be used either in indoor or outdoor environments (no sensorized laboratory is needed). The measurement system is validated statically and dynamically. In the first test, the estimations obtained by the system are compared with measurements produced by high-precision devices. In the second test, the system is used in real experiments to compare its performance with the ones obtained using known procedures. These experiments allowed to draw interesting conclusions on which future research can be based.

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