Ion Current Based Spark Advance Management for Maximum Torque Production and Knock Control

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolo` Cavina ◽  
Giacomo Po ◽  
Luca Poggio
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategy ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ion Current ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Software Environment ◽  
Experimental Database ◽  
Target Values ◽  
Engine Components ◽  
Spark Advance Control

The objective of the present work is the development of a closed-loop individual cylinder spark advance control strategy that allows maximizing torque production while keeping the knocking phenomenon at levels considered safe for the engine components. The research activity has consisted of several phases: the first one was focused on the analysis of the relationship between knocking level and indicated mean effective pressure. The main result of this preliminary phase is a methodology for identifying target values of the chosen in-cylinder pressure based knocking index. A subsequent phase of the work has been devoted to a correlation analysis between pressure-based knocking indexes and knocking indexes obtained by processing other combustion-related signals (engine block vibration and ion current), showing that the ion current based system that has been developed allows reaching high correlation levels. Finally, in order to achieve the target knocking levels, the spark advance control strategy proposed here consists of two parallel contributions: a slower, adaptive and statistically-based contribution, and a fast but range-limited term. The process of designing the controller has been particularly fast and cost-effective, due to the development of a specific software environment that allows verifying the performance the controller would achieve when applied to the actual engine. Such structure may be described as a software rapid control prototyping environment, since an experimental database has been used to reproduce in a simulation environment the response of the controlled system (the engine) coupled to the spark advance control system. The proposed control strategy has been successfully implemented on a V12 6.0 liter high performance engine, allowing to maximize output torque while protecting engine components from knock-related damage.

Nanocomposites for Electrochemical Energy Storage - An Overview

2017 ◽  
Vol 735 ◽  
pp. 189-193
Author(s):  
Priscila Tamiasso-Martinhon ◽  
Sousa Célia
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Energy Storage And Conversion ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Energy Field ◽  
Electrochemical Double Layer ◽  
And Performance

Energy storage and conversion are major problems of our modern society. In the last decades, in order to minimize these problems, a growing research activity was dedicated to the development of new systems involved in this energy field. The fabrication of supercapacitors based on new materials, such as electrochemical double layer capacitor, can offer attractive potentialities. Indeed, these supercapacitors are able to provide a power density ten times higher than that supplied by batteries, and allow a larger number of charge and discharge cycles. The performance of supercapacitors highly depends on the properties of electrode materials. Ternary composites combining both capacitive and faradaic reactions can address the improvement necessary for relatively cost effective and performance of supercapacitors. Particularly, ternary nanocomposites systems of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), conducting polymer (CPs) films and metal oxide/hydroxide; CNT:CP:Metal oxide; has been proposed as potential electrodes for electrochemical supercapacitors, as alternatives to overcome the drawbacks associated with single component electrodes for the construction of high performance supercapacitors.

scholarly journals High-Performance SiC–Based Solar Receivers for CSP: Component Manufacturing and Joining

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4687
Author(s):  
Valentina Casalegno ◽  
Luca Ferrari ◽  
Maria Jimenez Fuentes ◽  
Alessandro De Zanet ◽  
Sandro Gianella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Advanced Materials ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Component Manufacturing ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Sustainable Energy System ◽  
Industrial Solutions ◽  
Silicon Carbide Ceramics

Concentrated solar power (CSP) is an important option as a competitive, secure, and sustainable energy system. At the moment, cost-effective solutions are required for a wider-scale deployment of the CSP technology: in particular, the industrial exploitation of CSP has been so far hindered by limitations in the materials used for the central receiver—a key component in the system. In this context, the H2020 NEXTOWER project is focused on next-generation CSP technologies, particularly on advanced materials for high temperatures (e.g., >900 °C) and extreme applications environments (e.g., corrosive). The research activity described in this paper is focused on two industrial solutions for new SiC ceramic receivers for high thermal gradient continued operations: porous SiC and silicon-infiltrated silicon carbide ceramics (SiSiC). The new receivers should be mechanically tough and highly thermally conductive. This paper presents the activity related to the manufacturing of these components, their joining, and characterization.

Individual Cylinder Knock Detection Based on Ion Current Sensing: Correlation Analysis

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolo` Cavina ◽  
Giacomo Po ◽  
Luca Poggio ◽  
Daniele Zecchetti
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Ion Current ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Current Sensing ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Output Torque ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Engine Components

This paper addresses issues related with the measurement, analysis and real-time control of knocking combustions in high-performance spark-ignition engines. In particular, the relationship between output torque and knock intensity has been investigated. Issues examined include a methodology for identifying target knocking levels, and a critical comparison of different signals for extracting knock-related information. When considering high-performance spark-ignition engines, individual cylinder spark advance management that allows maximum output torque while protecting engine components from knock-related damage, is particularly complex. The first part of the activity is focused on an analysis aimed at the identification of a knocking level that allows reaching maximum performance while protecting engine components: For a given engine operating condition, such knocking level is shown to be constant for all the engine cylinders, and it is directly measurable through knock intensity indexes obtained by post-processing the in-cylinder pressure signal. If such knocking level is to be achieved during on-board operation, it is necessary to real-time reconstruct individual cylinder pressure-based knock indexes values. One of the main objectives of this work is therefore the evaluation of the impact that the adoption of an ion current sensing system would have on the performance of such a spark advance controller. The background of the second part of the work is the knocking-related information that can be extracted by real-time processing engine block vibration signals. The main drawbacks of such approach are related to the definition of the minimum number of sensors to be installed, to the evaluation of their optimal position, and to the signal-to-noise ratio typical of such systems, which becomes critical especially at high engine speeds. Possible solutions are the use of in-cylinder pressure or ion current sensors installed on board the vehicle. This work is mainly focused on ion sensing application, due to the still existing cost and reliability problems associated with the onboard application of in-cylinder pressure measuring systems. The second part of the work therefore deals with the correlation analysis between pressure based and ion current based knock intensity indexes. The experimental tests have been performed on a V12 6.0 liter and on a V12 6.2 liter high performance engines: Large spark advance sweeps were performed for each speed breakpoint, while acquiring 6 in-cylinder pressure and 6 ion current signals. Several indexes were extracted from both type of signals, in order to achieve both maximum correlation levels and physical consistency with knock-related damage. The results are particularly encouraging, since the correlation levels between pressure-based and ion current-based knock indexes are very high, thus allowing the definition of a closed-loop individual cylinder spark advance controller able to achieve the target knocking level.

Mineral/microfibrillated cellulose composite materials: High performance products, applications, and product forms

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (09) ◽  
pp. 507-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Skuse ◽  
Mark Windebank ◽  
Tafadzwa Motsi ◽  
Guillaume Tellier
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Aqueous Suspension ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Wet Strength ◽  
Product Forms ◽  
Cellulose Composite

When pulp and minerals are co-processed in aqueous suspension, the mineral acts as a grinding aid, facilitating the cost-effective production of fibrils. Furthermore, this processing allows the utilization of robust industrial milling equipment. There are 40000 dry metric tons of mineral/microfbrillated (MFC) cellulose composite production capacity in operation across three continents. These mineral/MFC products have been cleared by the FDA for use as a dry and wet strength agent in coated and uncoated food contact paper and paperboard applications. We have previously reported that use of these mineral/MFC composite materials in fiber-based applications allows generally improved wet and dry mechanical properties with concomitant opportunities for cost savings, property improvements, or grade developments and that the materials can be prepared using a range of fibers and minerals. Here, we: (1) report the development of new products that offer improved performance, (2) compare the performance of these new materials with that of a range of other nanocellulosic material types, (3) illustrate the performance of these new materials in reinforcement (paper and board) and viscosification applications, and (4) discuss product form requirements for different applications.

Parallel Computing for Tire Simulations

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Surendranath ◽  
M. Dunbar
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Rolling Contact ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Parallel Solvers ◽  
Design Changes ◽  
Highly Nonlinear

Abstract Over the last few decades, finite element analysis has become an integral part of the overall tire design process. Engineers need to perform a number of different simulations to evaluate new designs and study the effect of proposed design changes. However, tires pose formidable simulation challenges due to the presence of highly nonlinear rubber compounds, embedded reinforcements, complex tread geometries, rolling contact, and large deformations. Accurate simulation requires careful consideration of these factors, resulting in the extensive turnaround time, often times prolonging the design cycle. Therefore, it is extremely critical to explore means to reduce the turnaround time while producing reliable results. Compute clusters have recently become a cost effective means to perform high performance computing (HPC). Distributed memory parallel solvers designed to take advantage of compute clusters have become increasingly popular. In this paper, we examine the use of HPC for various tire simulations and demonstrate how it can significantly reduce simulation turnaround time. Abaqus/Standard is used for routine tire simulations like footprint and steady state rolling. Abaqus/Explicit is used for transient rolling and hydroplaning simulations. The run times and scaling data corresponding to models of various sizes and complexity are presented.

Using computer clusters for processing spatial-temporal data streams in data acquisition systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 935 (5) ◽  
pp. 54-63
Author(s):  
A.A. Maiorov ◽  
A.V. Materuhin ◽  
I.N. Kondaurov
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Data Streams ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Temporal Data ◽  
Cyberphysical Systems ◽  
Software Environment ◽  
Computer Clusters ◽  
Data Acquisition Systems ◽  
Essential Components

Geoinformation technologies are now becoming “end-to-end” technologies of the new digital economy. There is a need for solutions for efficient processing of spatial and spatio-temporal data that could be applied in various sectors of this new economy. Such solutions are necessary, for example, for cyberphysical systems. Essential components of cyberphysical systems are high-performance and easy-scalable data acquisition systems based on smart geosensor networks. This article discusses the problem of choosing a software environment for this kind of systems, provides a review and a comparative analysis of various open source software environments designed for large spatial data and spatial-temporal data streams processing in computer clusters. It is shown that the software framework STARK can be used to process spatial-temporal data streams in spatial-temporal data streams. An extension of the STARK class system based on the type system for spatial-temporal data streams developed by one of the authors of this article is proposed. The models and data representations obtained as a result of the proposed expansion can be used not only for processing spatial-temporal data streams in data acquisition systems based on smart geosensor networks, but also for processing spatial-temporal data streams in various purposes geoinformation systems that use processing data in computer clusters.

Azo (Hydrazone) pigments: general principles

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Christie
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Metal Salt ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Precipitation Process ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Technical Performance ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
General Chemical ◽  
Physical Form

Abstract This paper presents an overview of the general chemical principles underlying the structures, synthesis and technical performance of azo pigments, the dominant chemical class of industrial organic pigments in the yellow, orange, and red shade areas, both numerically and in terms of tonnage manufactured. A description of the most significant historical features in this group of pigments is provided, starting from the discovery of the chemistry on which azo colorants are based by Griess in the mid-nineteenth century, through the commercial introduction of the most important classical azo pigments in the early twentieth century, including products known as the Hansa Yellows, β-naphthol reds, including metal salt pigments, and the diarylide yellows and oranges, to the development in the 1950s and 1960s of two classes of azo pigments that exhibit high performance, disazo condensation pigments and benzimidazolone-based azo pigments. A feature that complicates the description of the chemical structures of azo pigments is that they exist in the solid state as the ketohydrazone rather than the hydroxyazo form, in which they have been traditionally been illustrated. Numerous structural studies conducted over the years on an extensive range of azo pigments have demonstrated this feature. In this text, they are referred to throughout as azo (hydrazone) pigments. Since a common synthetic procedure is used in the manufacture of virtually all azo (hydrazone) pigments, this is discussed in some detail, including practical aspects. The procedure brings together two organic components as the fundamental starting materials, a diazo component and a coupling component. An important reason for the dominance of azo (hydrazone) pigments is that they are highly cost-effective. The syntheses generally involve low cost, commodity organic starting materials and are carried out in water as the reaction solvent, which offers obvious economic and environmental advantages. The versatility of the approach means that an immense number of products may be prepared, so that they have been adapted structurally to meet the requirements of many applications. On an industrial scale, the processes are straightforward, making use of simple, multi-purpose chemical plant. Azo pigments may be produced in virtually quantitative yields and the processes are carried out at or below ambient temperatures, thus presenting low energy requirements. Finally, provided that careful control of the reaction conditions is maintained, azo pigments may be prepared directly by an aqueous precipitation process that can optimise physical form, with control of particle size distribution, crystalline structure, and surface character. The applications of azo pigments are outlined, with more detail reserved for subsequent papers on individual products.

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