SINTESIS ESTER SELULOSA STEARAT SEBAGAI WET STRENGTH AGENT UNTUK PAPERBAG DARI TANDAN KOSONG SAWIT (TKS)

Tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKS) adalah salah satu produk samping (by-product) berupa padatan dari industri pengolahan kelapa sawit. Kandungan selulosa yang cukup tinggi yaitu sebesar 40% menjadikan Tandan Kosong Sawit sebagai alternatif lain untuk dimanfaatkan Selulosa sebagai bahan baku pembuatan Ester Selulosa stearat. Ester Selulosa Stearat disintesa melalui reaksi transesterifikasi antara α-Selulosa hasil isolasi dari Tandan Kosong Sawit (TKS) dengan metil stearat. Sintesa Metil stearat dilakukan dengan mereaksikan metanol dan asam stearat dengan bantuan katalis H2SO4(p). Sintesis Ester selulosa stearat dilakukan dengan cara refluks selama 2 jam menggunakan pelarut metanol dengan variasi katalis Na2CO3 5, 10, 15, 20 mg dan dengan variasi volume metil stearat 5, 10, 15. Dan diambil variasi terbaik ditentukan berdasarkan uji derajat substitusi yaitu dengan variasi katalis Na2CO3 20 mg dan volume metil Stearat 15 ml, sebesar 1,95. Hasil sintesis yaitu selulosa stearat diuji gugus fungsi dengan spektroskopi FT-IR dan morfologi permukaan menggunakan SEM. Terbentuknya selulosa stearat didukung oleh spektrum FT-IR pada daerah bilangan gelombang 3468,01 cm-1 menunjukkan gugus O-H, 3062,96 cm-1 menunjukkan gugus C-H streching, 1695,43 cm-1 menunjukkan gugus C=O, cm-1 menunjukkan gugus C-H bending, 1095,57cm-1 menunjukkan gugus C-O-C, 609,51cm-menunjukkan gugus (CH2)n>4. Hasil analisis morfologi permukaan menggunakan SEM menunjukkan bahwa permukaan selulosa stearat tampak homogen, lebih teratur dan memiliki rongga-rongga yang lebih rapat daripada α-Selulosa.

Nanocellulose Hybrid Lignin Complex Reinforces Cellulose to Form a Strong, Water-Stable Lignin–Cellulose Composite Usable as a Plastic Replacement

The significant challenges in the use of cellulose as a replacement for plastic are its mechanical properties’ degradation and uncontrolled deformation during the rewetting process. Herein, inspired by the reinforcement of cellulose by lignin in natural plant tissue, a strong and water-stable lignin–cellulose composite (LCC) was developed. A nanocellulose hybrid lignin complex (CHLC) created from bagasse residue after enzymatic hydrolysis was added into a pulp of bleached fibre extracted from pine to produce a lignin–cellulose sheet. The lignin as a water-stable reinforcing matrix, via the hydrogen bonding of the nanocellulose in the CHLC with the fibre was efficiently introduced onto the fibres and the fibre network voids. Compared with a typical lignin-free cellulose sheet, the dry strength and wet strength of the LCC were 218% and 2233% higher, respectively. The developed LCC is an eco-friendly and biodegradable alternative to plastic.

Cellulosic Paper-Based Membrane for Oil-Water Separation Enabled by Papermaking and in-Situ Gelation

While has obvious scientific significance, the oil-water separation membranes are argued at production and disuse, mainly ascribed to the complex processes and non-biodegradation. Papermaking has great potential in the field of oil/water separation. The pulp refining of papermaking can improve the properties of pulp to improve the properties of paper substrate, which play an important role in oil-water separation. Due to the separation process was conducted under water, the wet strength of paper-based membrane was improved by micro-dissolved and in-situ gelation. The strength, oil-water separation efficiency and flux of membranes were explored under different beating degrees and regenerated conditions. The separation for oil-water emulsion of membranes can keep more than 98.5%, and the flux can be adjusted by pulp refining and in-situ gelation. The membranes are expected to be a low-cost, high-efficient for oily wastewater purification. This work demonstrates a new idea for the development of oil-water separation and papermaking, which provides a feasible strategy for large scale production of fully biodegradable oil-water separation membrane.

Synthesis of Cellulose Stearate Ester as Wet Strength Agent for Synthesis of Bio-polybag from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

Biodegradable polybags are an alternative to overcome the weakness of synthetic polybags because of their degradation properties. Oil palm empty fruit bunches contain a lot of cellulose so that they can be used as a biodegradable polybag. Wet Strength serves to increase the physical strength of bio-polybags when exposed to water (in wet conditions) so that water content stability is required. In this study, Cellulose Stearate Esters were synthesized in an effort to increase the stability of the water content in bio-polybags. Cellulose Stearate Esters are synthesized through a transesterification reaction between -Cellulose isolated from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) with methyl stearate. The synthesis of cellulose stearate esters was carried out by refluxing for 2 hours using methanol solvent with various catalysts Na2CO3 5, 10, 15, 20 mg and with volume variations of methyl stearate 5, 10, 15. And the best variation was determined based on the degree of substitution test, namely with variations Na2CO3 catalyst 20 mg and volume of methyl Stearate 15 ml, amounting to 1.95. The result of the synthesis, namely cellulose stearate, was tested for functional groups by FT-IR spectroscopy and surface morphology using SEM. The formation of cellulose stearate is supported by the FT-IR spectrum in the wavenumber region of 3468.01 cm-1 indicating an OH group, 3062.96 cm-1 indicating a CH stretching group, 1695.43 cm-1 indicating a C=O group, cm-1 indicating a CH bending group, 1095.57cm-1 indicates a COC group, 609.51cm-1 indicates a (CH2)n>4 group. The results of surface morphology analysis using SEM showed that the surface of cellulose stearate looked homogeneous, more regular and had denser cavities than -Cellulose

Preparation of Modified PVA Copolymer by DAAM/ADH and Cross-Linking Mechanism for Paper

Herein, a novel modified polyvinyl alcohol(DA-IPVA) used as sizing agent was prepared by using diacetone acrylamide(DAAM) as graft monomer and N-(isobutoxymethyl)acrylamide(IBMA) as self-cross-linking monomer. The effect of the amount of DAAM on the properties of emulsion, film and sizing paper was discussed. The surface micro-structure of the sizing paper was characterized by SEM and AFM. The addition of DAAM/ADH and IBMA endowed DA-IPVA with cross-linked active group and increased cross-linking density and hydrophobicity after ADH was added into the emulsion and the cross-linking structure was formed. The enhancing mechanism of surface sizing agent for paper was revealed. The DA-IPVA can be cross-linked on the surface and inside of the paper to form a dense network structure, which improves the bonding force between the fibers. When the mole fraction of DAAM of the cross-linking monomer is 8%, the surface sizing performance of the paper is obviously improved compared with the base paper. The dry and wet strength is increased by 266.5% and 334.3% respectively, and the folding resistance is increased 2946.67%. This study can have a profound impact on the development of the technology of cross-linking surface sizing agent for paper.

Um estudo sobre a utilização de sete papéis distintos no "facing" de pintura a óleo sobre tela

Será que o papel japonês é o material mais adequado para o facing de pintura sobre tela? Seria benéfica a utilização de papéis específicos adequados a cada caso? Este estudo procurou dar resposta a estas questões e dar a conhecer, dos papéis testados, qual o mais adequado ao facing em pintura a óleo sobre tela. Para o efeito, foram executadas maquetes, de três cores diferentes. Em cada cor foram realizadas duas texturas, uma lisa e outra empastada. Foram também definidas, em cada cor e textura, três áreas: duas para aplicação de dois vernizes distintos e outra para permanecer sem verniz. As maquetes foram realizadas para que se obtivessem todas as combinações dos materiais anteriormente descritos e cada papel foi testado em cada uma destas combinações.Realizados os ensaios e analisados os resultados, concluiu-se que, dos materiais testados, o papel japonês nem sempre foi o mais eficaz, tendo sido superado pelo Wet-strength Tissue, um papel celulósico, por demonstrar facilidade de aplicação, pela resistência do papel e pela perda de fibras.

Lignin Inter-Diffusion Underlying Improved Mechanical Performance of Hot-Pressed Paper Webs

Broader use of bio-based fibres in packaging becomes possible when the mechanical properties of fibre materials exceed those of conventional paperboard. Hot-pressing provides an efficient method to improve both the wet and dry strength of lignin-containing paper webs. Here we study varied pressing conditions for webs formed with thermomechanical pulp (TMP). The results are compared against similar data for a wide range of other fibre types. In addition to standard strength and structural measurements, we characterise the induced structural changes with X-ray microtomography and scanning electron microscopy. The wet strength generally increases monotonously up to a very high pressing temperature of 270 °C. The stronger bonding of wet fibres can be explained by the inter-diffusion of lignin macromolecules with an activation energy around 26 kJ mol−1 after lignin softening. The associated exponential acceleration of diffusion with temperature dominates over other factors such as process dynamics or final material density in setting wet strength. The optimum pressing temperature for dry strength is generally lower, around 200 °C, beyond which hemicellulose degradation begins. By varying the solids content prior to hot-pressing for the TMP sheets, the highest wet strength is achieved for the completely dry web, while no strong correlation was observed for the dry strength.

The physicochemical effect of sugar alcohol plasticisers on oxidised nanocellulose gels and extruded filaments

Oxidised nanocelluloses have previously shown promise for the production of extruded filaments with high tensile strength properties. However, they also exhibit poor wet strength due to swelling upon immersion in water. This has resulted in the use of chemical cross-linkers, or co-extrusion with multivalent cations, or cationic polymers, to inhibit this. Here, we report on the effect of incorporating sugar alcohols (glycerol, sorbitol and maltitol) in an oxidised nanocellulose gel before extrusion. Whilst their presence weakens the initial gel, they enable the continuous wet spinning of filaments that are stable in aqueous media without the need for post extrusion processing. We conclude that the relative hydrophilicity of the sugar alcohol and its ability to protonate surface carboxyl groups upon drying are key parameters regarding the physicochemical effects observed.

Paper Bag Berbasis Pulp Tandan Kosong Sawit sebagai Alternatif Pengganti Polybag pada Pre-Nursery Perkebunan Sawit

Indonesia merupakan penghasil limbah plastik terbesar kedua setelah Cina, sehingga telah menjadi isu lingkungan. Salah satu kemasan plastik yang banyak digunakan adalah kemasan untuk pembibitan terbuat dari plastik atau dikenal sebagai polybag. Guna membantu mengurangi penggunaan polybag, telah dilakukan percobaan skala laboratorium pembuatan paper bag dari pulp tandan kosong sawit (TKS) sebagai pengganti polybag. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan formula pembuatan paper bag yang dapat memenuhi persyaratan penggunaan akhirnya. Kegiatan dimulai dari penggilingan pulp TKS, dilanjutkan dengan pembuatan lembaran dengan variasi gramatur 90 g/m2 dan 125 g/m2 pada rentang pH 7-8. Dua jenis bahan kimia penguat basah yang digunakan yakni polietilen imin (PEI) dan poliamin epiklorohidrin (PAE), ditambahkan dengan variasi dosis 1,0 – 2,0 % terhadap berat kering serat. Karakteristik lembaran dievaluasi melalui uji ketahanan tarik, daya regang, daya serap energi (tensile energy absorption atau TEA), ketahanan retak, ketahanan sobek, persen rendemen kekuatan setelah mengalami pembasahan, dan porositas. Uji biodegradabilitas dilakukan untuk melihat tingkat afiliasi bahan kimia yang ditambahkan terhadap lingkungan dan rasio C/N (rasio karbon/nitrogen) untuk mengetahui kontribusinya terhadap proses pengomposan. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa lembaran memiliki rendemen ketahanan tarik di atas 10%. Gramatur berkorelasi positif terhadap sifat kekuatan, dan negatif terhadap porositas. PAE memberikan sifat kekuatan lebih tinggi dibanding PEI, namun PEI memberikan persen rendemen ketahanan tarik lebih tinggi dibanding PAE. Seluruh bahan kimia yang ditambahkan dapat didegradasi lebih dari 60% dalam kurun waktu 28 hari namun uji rasio C/N menunjukkan hasil yang belum memadai. Formula optimum diperoleh pada gramatur 125 g/m2 dengan penambahan PEI 2%. Paper Bag Based on Empty Fruit Bunches Pulp as an Alternative for Polybag Substitute in Pre-Nursery Palm Oil PlantationAbstract Indonesia is the second-largest plastic waste producer after China, so it has become an environmental issue. One of the plastic packagings which are large in consumption for nursery packaging is known as polybag. Therefore, to reduce the use of plastic bag, the laboratory scale experiment of paper bag made from oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) as polybag substitutes has been done. This study aims to obtain a formula for paper bags that can meet the end using requirements. Laboratory scale started from beating the EFB pulp, then continued with handsheet making at grammage variation of 90 g/m2 and 125 g/m2 with a pH range of 7-8. Two types of wet strength agents were used, namely polyethyleneimine (PEI) and polyamine epichlorohydrin (PAE) which were varied from 1.0 to 2.0% (%db of fiber). Sheet properties were evaluated through tensile and bursting strength, stretch, TEA tests, tearing resistance, % yield of strength after wetting, opacity, and porosity. A biodegradability test was conducted to determine the chemical’s affiliation level to the soil and the C/N ratio to know its contribution to the composting process. The results showed that the paper bag has a tensile strength yield above 10%. Grammage is directly proportional to strength properties and inversely to porosity. PAE gave higher strength than PEI but is lower in % yield of tensile strength. All added chemicals can be degraded by more than 60% within 28 days but the C/N ratio test showed inadequate results. The optimum formula was obtained at 125 g/m2 and PEI of 2.0%.