Maximum Utilisation of Parts Process: A Method for Increased Precision of Component Lifetime Estimations in Medium Size Gas Turbines

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pontus Slottner ◽  
Mathias Wa¨rja ◽  
Mattias Broddega˚rd
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Failure Detection ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Spare Parts ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Damage Models ◽  
Safety Margins

The goal of a maintenance strategy should be to reach a Retirement For Cause, RFC, condition, where components are not replaced until a potential failure has been detected. Further, the inspection interval should be large enough to allow spare parts to be ordered and delivered during the time between failure detection and failure, with sufficient safety margins. This requires measurement techniques that can monitor how the turbine is operated, prognostics capabilities that foresee maintenance needs, and test methods that can determine the state of a component during maintenance events. In general there are two ways to determine the amount of damage a gas turbine component has been subjected to — calculations and examination of service exposed components. Optimum results should be obtained by using calculations as a basis and continuously review/modify their interpretation and the underlying damage models using best available experiences. This paper describes the Maximum Utilisation of Parts Process, MUPP — a process for systematic testing of used components, how process data can be turned into modifications to a gas turbines maintenance schedule with same or decreased risks, and the implications for equipment operator as well as maintenance provider. It is concluded that MUPP allows significantly lower maintenance costs in the medium to long time frame.

Customer Adapted Maintenance Plan (CAMP): A Process for Optimization of Gas Turbine Maintenance

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Wa¨rja ◽  
Pontus Slottner ◽  
Markus Bohlin
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Preventive Maintenance ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Critical Systems ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Maintenance Plan

Maintaining high levels of availability and reliability are essential objectives for many industries, especially those that are subject to high costs due to shutdowns of critical systems, e.g. gas turbines. To utilize these systems as effectively as possible, preventive maintenance must be optimized. Determining what is optimal is, however, a multi-variable task requiring detailed knowledge about the components in the system and their different damage mechanisms. These factors have always affected the condition of the gas turbine and maintenance actions, but only recently has it been possible to estimate and measure them correctly for individual components during operation. In the past, it was necessary to construct maintenance intervals from the most critical component (or components), requiring the highest maintenance frequency. An additional worst-case scenario margin was also necessary, taking into account factors such as possible load variation, differences in environment (affecting e.g. power turbine temperatures) and other sources of uncertainty. These uncertainties together have determined traditional maintenance planning, with maintenance packages each containing a set of maintenance activities for a set of components being predetermined and preplanned. With the new CAMP approach, the maintenance strategy is to reach a Retirement For Cause (RFC) strategy, where components are not replaced until a potential failure has been detected. This requires measurement techniques that can monitor how the gas turbine is operated, prognostics capabilities that foresee maintenance needs, and test methods that can determine the state of a component during maintenance events. One important part of CAMP is therefore a prognostic tool which tells us the condition, and therefore the maintenance needs, of individual components within the gas turbine. To handle this information and efficiently make a preventive maintenance plan, software for gas turbine maintenance optimization has been developed. The software can not only calculate the most efficient point in time for a maintenance action, it can also adjust the maintenance plan to any customer’s specific demands. This paper describes the model, gathering and processing of information, risk assessment performance and the result from an optimization which groups maintenance actions as a result of customer prioritized demands. It also describes the software layout and how it is used.

Heat Resistant Probe Combining Optic and Acoustic Sensors for Advanced Combustion Monitoring Including Detection of Flame Instabilities

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard E. Kraft ◽  
Fabrice Giuliani ◽  
Lukas Pfefferkorn ◽  
Nina Paulitsch ◽  
Lukas Andracher
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Optical Measurement ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Acoustic Sensors ◽  
Heat Resistant ◽  
Advanced Combustion ◽  
Safety Margins ◽  
Combustion Monitoring

Jet engines have remained almost entirely mechanical machines for fail-safe reasons, despite the increasing sophistication of modern gas turbines. However, the trend goes toward more electronic devices for a better operation monitoring. This is the late approach called system of systems in aeronautics. New regulations such as the ICAO/CAEP/10 nvPM Standard set limitations on soot emissions. CO reduction is also an issue. One possible strategy toward more efficient combustion and less pollutant emissions is an advanced management of the safety margins. This is combined with an obligation to reduce operation costs. Therefore new measurement techniques are required for precision combustion monitoring during operation. The specific data requested covers the success of ignition, the margin before the lean-blow-out limit, the effective burner load conditions and the stability of combustion. Many optical measurement techniques are available for advanced combustion diagnostics (Warnatz et al 2001). Their main features are precision and non-intrusivity. However, if these techniques are commonly used in a combustion laboratory or on a test-bench, no application had a breakthrough so far on a flying system. The implementation of optical devices in the aggressive environment of a combustor is challenging. Some critical details are for instance the need for a permanently transparent optical interface or the thermal protection of the sensitive parts. In the scope of the project “emotion” subsidised by the FFG, a heat resistant probe combining optic and acoustic sensors was developed for this purpose. This probe will make advanced combustion monitoring possible. It will comply with the above mentioned rules or constraints. It could be mounted on the pressure casing with a view on the liner. It will monitor the presence or absence of a flame, it will report on the ignition success or failure, it will compare the observed flame power to the expected load, and detect the presence of a combustion instability. In this paper, several sensors are considered. Three different circuits for optical light intensity measurement are assessed. A combined optical-acoustic sensor arrangement called the Rayleigh-Criterion probe is introduced. This most promising configuration is tested and validated on an atmospheric combustion test rig. The presented results support the further development of this probe, first for use on test benches where this technology can achieve maturity, then towards deployment first in power gas turbines and eventually in aeroengines.

A Comparison Between ORC and Supercritical CO2 Bottoming Cycles For Energy Recovery From Industrial Gas Turbines Exhaust Gas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Ancona ◽  
M. Bianchi ◽  
L. Branchini ◽  
A. De Pascale ◽  
F. Melino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Supercritical Co2 ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Oil And Gas Production ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines

Abstract Gas turbines are often employed in the industrial field, especially for remote generation, typically required by oil and gas production and transport facilities. The huge amount of discharged heat could be profitably recovered in bottoming cycles, producing electric power to help satisfying the onerous on-site energy demand. The present work aims at systematically evaluating thermodynamic performance of ORC and supercritical CO2 energy systems as bottomer cycles of different small/medium size industrial gas turbine models, with different power rating. The Thermoflex software, providing the GT PRO gas turbine library, has been used to model the machines performance. ORC and CO2 systems specifics have been chosen in line with industrial products, experience and technological limits. In the case of pure electric production, the results highlight that the ORC configuration shows the highest plant net electric efficiency. The average increment in the overall net electric efficiency is promising for both the configurations (7 and 11 percentage points, respectively if considering supercritical CO2 or ORC as bottoming solution). Concerning the cogenerative performance, the CO2 system exhibits at the same time higher electric efficiency and thermal efficiency, if compared to ORC system, being equal the installed topper gas turbine model. The ORC scarce performance is due to the high condensing pressure, imposed by the temperature required by the thermal user. CO2 configuration presents instead very good cogenerative performance with thermal efficiency comprehended between 35 % and 46 % and the PES value range between 10 % and 22 %. Finally, analyzing the relationship between capital cost and components size, it is estimated that the ORC configuration could introduce an economical saving with respect to the CO2 configuration.

Cumulative Damage Mechanics: Characterization, Modeling, and Interpretation of Progressive Failure in Ceramics and Composites

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Jenkins ◽  
Paul E. Labossie`re ◽  
Jonathan A. Salem
Keyword(s):  
Damage Mechanics ◽  
Progressive Failure ◽  
Ceramic Matrix Composites ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Cumulative Damage ◽  
Material Behavior ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Damage Models ◽  
Novel Design ◽  
Nonlinear Energy

Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) have evolved to exhibit inherent damage tolerance through nonlinear energy absorption mechanisms while retaining the desirable attributes of their monolithic structural ceramic counterparts. Mathematical (analytic and numeric) models together with experimental measurements of this damage absorption have aided in understanding the thermomechanical behavior of CMCs. This understanding has led to improved test methods, better predictive modeling of material behavior, appropriate processing methods, and finally novel design methodologies for implementing CMCs. In this paper, background on CMC damage is presented, damage measurement and damage models are discussed and finally probabilistic aspects of constituent materials that can be used to illustrate the cumulative damage behavior of CMCs are described.

scholarly journals Clear Skies Ahead

2016 ◽  
Vol 138 (06) ◽  
pp. 38-43
Author(s):  
Lee S. Langston
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Innovative Design ◽  
Turbine Engine ◽  
Boom And Bust

This article discusses various fields where gas turbines can play a vital role. Building engines for commercial jetliners is the largest market segment for the gas turbine industry; however, it is far from being the only one. One 2015 military gas turbine program of note was the announcement of an U.S. Air Force competition for an innovative design of a small turbine engine, suitable for a medium-size drone aircraft. The electrical power gas turbine market experienced a sharp boom and bust from 2000 to 2002 because of the deregulation of many electric utilities. Since then, however, the electric power gas turbine market has shown a steady increase, right up to present times. Coal-fired plants now supply less than 5 percent of the electrical load, having been largely replaced by new natural gas-fired gas turbine power plants. Working in tandem with renewable energy power facilities, the new fleet of gas turbines is expected to provide reliable, on-demand electrical power at a reasonable cost.

Comparison of Sand Patch Test and Multi Laser Profiler in Pavement Surface Measurement

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haryati Yaacob ◽  
Norhidayah Abdul Hassan ◽  
Mohd Rosli Hainin ◽  
Muhammad Fudhail Rosli
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Patch Test ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Surface Measurement ◽  
Test Analysis ◽  
Pavement Surface ◽  
Road Pavement ◽  
Sand Patch

Pavement surface texture has been assessed with variety of test methods such as sand patch test and multi laser profiler. In recent years, road administrations face the issues of handling data acquired by totally different methods and the inconsistent correlation between different methods. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine and compare the texture depth value of road pavement measured by different methods namely sand patch test and multi laser profiler. This paper compares the results of two measurement methods for pavement surface macro texture which referred as mean texture depth (MTD). Tests were conducted along North–South Expressway, between km 110.5 and km 107.2 (Southbound). T-test analysis shows that there is statistically significance difference on the result obtained between these methods along emergency lane. However for slow lanes,it was found that there is no significance between sand patch test and laser based measurement. Regression analysis shows that the coefficient of correlation, R obtained from emergency lane is 0.3719 and slow lane is 0.4579. These results generally conclude that there were weak correlations between the result of these two measurement techniques.

scholarly journals Hydro-mechanical behaviour of a sandy silt from a river embankment

2020 ◽  
Vol 195 ◽  
pp. 01033
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Butticè ◽  
Alessio Ferrari ◽  
Carmine G. Gragnano ◽  
Guido Gottardi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Behaviour ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Degree Of Saturation ◽  
Confining Stress ◽  
River Level ◽  
Suction Control ◽  
Sandy Silt ◽  
Axial Translation ◽  
Safety Margins ◽  
River Embankment

The paper presents the results of an experimental campaign aimed at characterizing the hydro-mechanical behaviour of a sandy silt from a river embankment. Due to continuous river level fluctuations and changing climatic and environmental conditions, flood embankment materials experience frequent variations in degree of saturation and suction values. Such variations strongly impact the earthwork performance both in terms of seepage and stability conditions. For these reasons, a detailed characterization of the material behaviour in unsaturated conditions was carried out. Experiments were designed in order to highlight the response of the involved soil in terms of changes in matric suction and confining stress. All tests were performed on undisturbed samples from the embankment. To cover the suction range, which is expected to be significant for the material and assessed through field monitoring, a combination of several suction-control and suction-measurement techniques was used (e.g. negative water column, axial translation, tensiometers). Obtained results enabled (i) to quantify the evolution of the yield stress with suction, (ii) to assess the collapse upon wetting behaviour, (iii) to get detailed information on the water retention behaviour and (iv) to define the relative permeability of the soil. This extensive characterization work serves as a basis for the analysis of the embankment response following river level variations, the final purpose of the research being to establish a reliable methodology and a feasible procedure for the realistic assessment of the safety margins under transient seepage.

Inlet Fogging of Gas Turbine Engines: Part B — Fog Droplet Sizing Analysis, Nozzle Types, Measurement and Testing

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustapha Chaker ◽  
Cyrus B. Meher-Homji ◽  
Thomas Mee
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Gas Turbine Engines ◽  
Size Measurement ◽  
The Past ◽  
Testing Method ◽  
Measurement And Testing ◽  
Experimental And Theoretical Studies

The inlet fogging of gas turbine engines for power augmentation has seen increasing application over the past decade yet not a single technical paper treating the physics and engineering of the fogging process, droplet size measurement, droplet kinetics, or the duct behavior of droplets, from a gas turbine perspective, is available. This paper provides the results of extensive experimental and theoretical studies conducted over several years, coupled with practical aspects learned in the implementation of nearly 500 inlet fogging systems on gas turbines ranging in power from 5 to 250 MW. Part B of the paper treats the practical aspects of fog nozzle droplet sizing, measurement and testing presenting the information from a gas turbine fogging perspective. This paper describes the different measurement techniques available, covers design aspects of nozzles, provides experimental data on different nozzles and provides recommendations for a standardized nozzle testing method for gas turbine inlet air fogging.

scholarly journals Calibration of 3-D wind measurements on a single engine research aircraft

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1731-1785
Author(s):  
C. Mallaun ◽  
A. Giez ◽  
R. Baumann
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Calibration Method ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Sideslip Angle ◽  
Airborne Measurement ◽  
Research Aircraft ◽  
Wind Measurements ◽  
Measurement Uncertainties ◽  
Coordinated Flight ◽  
Wind Speed Measurement

Abstract. An innovative calibration method for the wind speed measurement using a boom mounted Rosemount model 858 AJ air velocity probe is introduced. The method is demonstrated for a sensor system installed on a medium size research aircraft which is used for measurements in the atmospheric boundary layer. The method encounters a series of coordinated flight manoeuvres to directly estimate the aerodynamic influences on the probe and to calculate the measurement uncertainties. The introduction of a differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) combined with a high accuracy Inertial Reference System (IRS) has brought major advances to airborne measurement techniques. The exact determination of geometrical height allows the use of the pressure signal as an independent parameter. Furthermore, the exact height information and the stepwise calibration process lead to maximum accuracy. The results show a measurement uncertainty for the aerodynamic influence of the dynamic and static pressures of 0.1 hPa. The applied parametrisation does not require any height dependencies or time shifts. After extensive flight tests a correction for the flow angles (attack and sideslip angles) was found, which is necessary for a successful wind calculation. A new method is demonstrated to correct for the aerodynamic influence on the sideslip angle. For the 3-D wind vector (with 100 Hz resolution) a novel error propagation scheme is tested, which determines the measurement uncertainties to be 0.3 m s−1 for the horizontal and 0.2 m s−1 for the vertical wind components.

Blackout risk mitigation by using medium size gas turbines

Energy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
pp. 32-48
Author(s):  
David Canca ◽  
Ángel Arcos-Vargas ◽  
Fernando Núñez
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Medium Size
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