Assessing Alternative Fuels for Helicopter Operation

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Alexiou ◽  
A. Tsalavoutas ◽  
B. Pons ◽  
N. Aretakis ◽  
I. Roumeliotis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Fuel Price ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Turboshaft Engine ◽  
Performance Results

At present, nearly 100% of aviation fuel is derived from petroleum using conventional and well known refining technology. However, the fluctuations of the fuel price and the vulnerability of crude oil sources have increased the interest of aviation industry in alternate energy sources. The motivation of this interest is actually twofold: firstly alternative fuels will help to stabilize price fluctuations by relieving the world wide demand for conventional fuel. Secondly alternative fuels could provide environmental benefits including a substantial reduction of emitted CO2 over the fuel life cycle. Thus, the ideal alternative fuel will fulfil both requirements: relieve the demand for fuels derived from crude oil and significantly reduce CO2 emissions. In the present paper, the effects of various alternative fuels on the operation of a medium transport/utility helicopter are investigated using performance models of the helicopter and its associated turboshaft engine. These models are developed in an object-oriented simulation environment that allows a direct mechanical connection to be established between them in order to create an integrated model. Considering the case of a typical mission for the specific helicopter/engine combination, a comparative evaluation of conventional and alternative fuels is then carried out and performance results are presented at both engine and helicopter level.

Assessing Alternative Fuels for Helicopter Operation

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Alexiou ◽  
A. Tsalavoutas ◽  
B. Pons ◽  
N. Aretakis ◽  
I. Roumeliotis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Fuel Price ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Turboshaft Engine ◽  
Performance Results

At present, nearly 100% of aviation fuel is derived from petroleum using conventional and well known refining technology. However, the fluctuations of the fuel price and the vulnerability of crude oil sources have increased the interest of the aviation industry in alternate energy sources. The motivation of this interest is actually twofold: firstly, alternative fuels will help to stabilize price fluctuations by relieving the worldwide demand for conventional fuel. Secondly, alternative fuels could provide environmental benefits including a substantial reduction of emitted CO2 over the fuel life cycle. Thus, the ideal alternative fuel will fulfill both requirements: relieve the demand for fuels derived from crude oil and significantly reduce CO2 emissions. In the present paper, the effects of various alternative fuels on the operation of a medium transport/utility helicopter are investigated using performance models of the helicopter and its associated turboshaft engine. These models are developed in an object-oriented simulation environment that allows a direct mechanical connection to be established between them in order to create an integrated model. Considering the case of a typical mission for the specific helicopter/engine combination, a comparative evaluation of conventional and alternative fuels is then carried out and performance results are presented at both engine and helicopter levels.

scholarly journals Towards greener aviation : a comparative study on the substitution of standard jet fuel with algal based second generation biofuels

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Abdul Majid Haddad
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Realistic Potential ◽  
Second Generation Biofuels

The negative environmental impact of the aviation industry, related mainly to the gaseous emissions from turbine exhausts, is increasing with the increased demand on travel. In addition to the adverse environmental effects, the currently used aviation fuel is posing economic burdens on the air transport sector, with the increase in crude oil prices. Therefore, the aviation industry is investigating the potential of substituting the currently used aviation fuel with alternative fuels- mainly with those derived from second generation biofuels. Of all available sources of second generation biofuels, numerous studies indicate that those derived from algae seem to be the most promising, in terms of providing a viable and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. This study explores the feasibility of microalgal jet fuel, taking into consideration technological, environmental and economic aspects. The results indicate that the viability and sustainability of microalgal jet fuel greatly depend on the technologies and inputs used during the different production stages of microalgal fuels. Provided certain conditions and characteristics are present, microalgal jet fuel has a realistic potential to provide the economic and environmental benefits needed to substitute conventional fuels.

scholarly journals Towards greener aviation : a comparative study on the substitution of standard jet fuel with algal based second generation biofuels

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Abdul Majid Haddad
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Realistic Potential ◽  
Second Generation Biofuels

The negative environmental impact of the aviation industry, related mainly to the gaseous emissions from turbine exhausts, is increasing with the increased demand on travel. In addition to the adverse environmental effects, the currently used aviation fuel is posing economic burdens on the air transport sector, with the increase in crude oil prices. Therefore, the aviation industry is investigating the potential of substituting the currently used aviation fuel with alternative fuels- mainly with those derived from second generation biofuels. Of all available sources of second generation biofuels, numerous studies indicate that those derived from algae seem to be the most promising, in terms of providing a viable and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. This study explores the feasibility of microalgal jet fuel, taking into consideration technological, environmental and economic aspects. The results indicate that the viability and sustainability of microalgal jet fuel greatly depend on the technologies and inputs used during the different production stages of microalgal fuels. Provided certain conditions and characteristics are present, microalgal jet fuel has a realistic potential to provide the economic and environmental benefits needed to substitute conventional fuels.

On improving the training of aircraft engineers

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 865-885
Author(s):  
Leonid B. SOBOLEV
Keyword(s):  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Information Protection ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Space Industry ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Military Aviation ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
The Military ◽  
The U.S

Subject. The article continues the discussion about the method of training aircraft engineers to work in the military and civil segments of aviation and rocket-and-space industry. Objectives. The purpose is to improve the training of Russian engineers to work in the competitive market environment, on the basis of the analysis of experience in training the aviation engineers in leading foreign technical universities. Methods. The study rests on the comparative analysis of implementation of major projects in the military and civil segments of aviation in the U.S. and Russia, as well as programs for training aircraft engineers in both countries. Results. The analysis shows that the duration of modern large military aviation projects in both countries is the same (the comparison of cost is impossible, due to information protection in Russia), while in the civil segment of the aviation industry, Russia's lagging behind is significant both in terms of the duration of projects and performance results. One of the reasons is in the poor training of aircraft engineers to work in the competitive environment. Conclusions. It is crucial to reform Russian aviation universities in terms of conformity to global trends in multidisciplinarity and differentiation of financing and research base.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Civil Aviation Industry Safety Needs for the Introduction of Liquid Hydrogen Propulsion Technology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Benson ◽  
J. M. Ingram ◽  
P. N. Battersby ◽  
D. Mba ◽  
V. Sethi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Gap Analysis ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Liquid Hydrogen ◽  
Air Travel ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Analysis Approach ◽  
Aviation Industry

Abstract Over the next few decades air travel is predicted to grow, with international agencies, manufacturers and governments predicting a considerable increase in aviation use. However, based on current fuel type, International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) project emissions from aviation are estimated to be seven to ten times higher in 2050 than in 1990. These conflicting needs are problematic and have led to the EU Flightpath 2050 targeting dramatic emissions reductions for the sector (75% CO2, 90% NOX by 2050). One proposed solution, decreasing carbon emissions without stunting the increase in air travel, is hydrogen propulsion; a technology with clear environmental benefits. However, enabling the safe application of this fuel to aviation systems and industrial infrastructure would be a significant challenge. High-profile catastrophic incidents involving hydrogen, and the flammable and cryogenic nature of liquid hydrogen (LH2) have led to its reputation as a more dangerous substance than existing or alternative fuels. But, where they are used (in industry, transport, energy), with sufficient protocols, hydrogen can have a similar level of safety to other fuels. A knowledge of hazards, risks and the management of these becomes key to the integration of any new technology. Using assessments, and a gap analysis approach, this paper examines the civil aviation industry requirements, from a safety perspective, for the introduction of LH2 fuel use. Specific proposed technology assessments are used to analyze incident likelihood, consequence impact, and ease of remediation for hazards in LH2 systems, and a gap analysis approach is utilized to identify if existing data is sufficient for reliable technology safety assessment. Outstanding industry needs are exposed by both examining challenges that have been identified in transport and industrial areas, and by identifying the gaps in current knowledge that are preventing credible assessment, reliable comparison to other fuels and the development of engineering systems. This paper demonstrates that while hydrogen can be a safe and environmentally friendly fuel option, a significant amount of work is required for the implementation of LH2 technology from a mass market perspective.

scholarly journals Qualification of Alternative Jet Fuels

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Rumizen
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
Commercial Aviation ◽  
Reciprocating Engine ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Aviation Turbine Fuel

Historically, the commercial aviation industry has relied on a very limited number of well-proven, conventional fuels for certification and operation of aircraft and engines. The vast majority of today’s engines and aircraft were designed and certified to operate on one of two basic fuels; kerosene-based fuel for turbine powered aircraft and leaded AVGAS for spark ignition reciprocating engine powered aircraft. These fuels are produced and handled as bulk commodities with multiple producers sending fuel through the distribution system to airports and aircraft. They are defined and controlled by industry consensus-based fuel specifications that, along with the oversight of the ASTM International aviation fuel industry committee, accommodate the need to move the fuel as a commodity. It was therefore expedient to build upon this framework when introducing drop-in jet fuel produced from non-petroleum feed stocks into the supply chain. The process developed by the aviation fuel community utilizes the ASTM International Aviation Fuel Subcommittee (Subcommittee J) to coordinate the evaluation of data and the establishment of specification criteria for new non-petroleum (alternative) drop-in jet fuels. Subcommittee J has issued two standards to facilitate this process; ASTM D4054—“Standard Practice for Qualification and Approval of New Aviation Turbine Fuels and Fuel Additives”, and ASTM D7566—“Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons”. This paper will describe how the aviation fuel community utilizes the ASTM International consensus-based process to evaluate new candidate non-petroleum jet fuels to determine if these new fuels are essentially identical to petroleum derived jet fuel, and, if they are, to issue specifications to control the quality and performance of these fuels.

The Relation Between Financial Incentives, Motivation, and Performance

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anaïs Thibault Landry ◽  
Marylène Gagné ◽  
Jacques Forest ◽  
Sylvie Guerrero ◽  
Michel Séguin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Work Performance ◽  
Autonomous Motivation ◽  
Compensation Plans ◽  
Work Settings ◽  
Path Analyses ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Results

Abstract. To this day, researchers are debating the adequacy of using financial incentives to bolster performance in work settings. Our goal was to contribute to current understanding by considering the moderating role of distributive justice in the relation between financial incentives, motivation, and performance. Based on self-determination theory, we hypothesized that when bonuses are fairly distributed, using financial incentives makes employees feel more competent and autonomous, which in turn fosters greater autonomous motivation and lower controlled motivation, and better work performance. Results from path analyses in three samples supported our hypotheses, suggesting that the effect of financial incentives is contextual, and that compensation plans using financial incentives and bonuses can be effective when properly managed.

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