scholarly journals Qualification of Alternative Jet Fuels

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Rumizen
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
Commercial Aviation ◽  
Reciprocating Engine ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Aviation Turbine Fuel

Historically, the commercial aviation industry has relied on a very limited number of well-proven, conventional fuels for certification and operation of aircraft and engines. The vast majority of today’s engines and aircraft were designed and certified to operate on one of two basic fuels; kerosene-based fuel for turbine powered aircraft and leaded AVGAS for spark ignition reciprocating engine powered aircraft. These fuels are produced and handled as bulk commodities with multiple producers sending fuel through the distribution system to airports and aircraft. They are defined and controlled by industry consensus-based fuel specifications that, along with the oversight of the ASTM International aviation fuel industry committee, accommodate the need to move the fuel as a commodity. It was therefore expedient to build upon this framework when introducing drop-in jet fuel produced from non-petroleum feed stocks into the supply chain. The process developed by the aviation fuel community utilizes the ASTM International Aviation Fuel Subcommittee (Subcommittee J) to coordinate the evaluation of data and the establishment of specification criteria for new non-petroleum (alternative) drop-in jet fuels. Subcommittee J has issued two standards to facilitate this process; ASTM D4054—“Standard Practice for Qualification and Approval of New Aviation Turbine Fuels and Fuel Additives”, and ASTM D7566—“Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons”. This paper will describe how the aviation fuel community utilizes the ASTM International consensus-based process to evaluate new candidate non-petroleum jet fuels to determine if these new fuels are essentially identical to petroleum derived jet fuel, and, if they are, to issue specifications to control the quality and performance of these fuels.

scholarly journals Introspection of Alternative Aviation Fuel Processing Technology: Benchmarks and Challenges

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 3275-3280
Keyword(s):  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Fuel Processing ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
High Dependency ◽  
Alternative Aviation Fuels ◽  
Ecological Problems ◽  
Production Technologies

Aviation industry is one of the main contributors and fastest-growing sectors in the world economy. Fuel consumption from this industry is one of the major issues that have drawn the attention of both professionals and researchers in recent years. The high dependency along with the high consumption of aviation fuel on petroleum plays a crucial role in environmental degradation due to increased carbon dioxide and other emissions, as well as in the increasing rate of fossil fuel depletion. Therefore, various potential technologies have been developed and further investigated to produce alternative aviation fuels, especially biofuels. In this article, principles, sustainability, and main concerns of different alternative aviation fuel processing technologies, with some focus on biofuels, are discussed in challenges and possible remedies. The major ecological problems connected with the application of conventional jet fuels in contrast to The advantages of biofuels implementation in the aviation industry are also highlighted. This work is aimed to show the state of the art of current alternative aviation fuels, their production technologies, and the potentiality of replacing the conventional jet fuel.

Assessing Alternative Fuels for Helicopter Operation

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Alexiou ◽  
A. Tsalavoutas ◽  
B. Pons ◽  
N. Aretakis ◽  
I. Roumeliotis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Fuel Price ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Turboshaft Engine ◽  
Performance Results

At present, nearly 100% of aviation fuel is derived from petroleum using conventional and well known refining technology. However, the fluctuations of the fuel price and the vulnerability of crude oil sources have increased the interest of aviation industry in alternate energy sources. The motivation of this interest is actually twofold: firstly alternative fuels will help to stabilize price fluctuations by relieving the world wide demand for conventional fuel. Secondly alternative fuels could provide environmental benefits including a substantial reduction of emitted CO2 over the fuel life cycle. Thus, the ideal alternative fuel will fulfil both requirements: relieve the demand for fuels derived from crude oil and significantly reduce CO2 emissions. In the present paper, the effects of various alternative fuels on the operation of a medium transport/utility helicopter are investigated using performance models of the helicopter and its associated turboshaft engine. These models are developed in an object-oriented simulation environment that allows a direct mechanical connection to be established between them in order to create an integrated model. Considering the case of a typical mission for the specific helicopter/engine combination, a comparative evaluation of conventional and alternative fuels is then carried out and performance results are presented at both engine and helicopter level.

Experimental and Modeling Studies of the Oxidation of Surrogate Bio-Aviation Fuels

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ida Shafagh ◽  
Kevin J. Hughes ◽  
Elena Catalanotti ◽  
Zhen Liu ◽  
Mohamed Pourkashanian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Product Analysis ◽  
Surrogate Fuels ◽  
Laser Induced Fluorescence Detection ◽  
Flame Burner ◽  
Oxidation Chemistry

Jet fuels currently in use in the aviation industry are exclusively kerosene-based. However, potential problems regarding security of supply, climate change, and increasing cost are becoming more significant, exacerbated by the rapidly growing demand from the aviation sector. Biofuels are considered one of the most suitable alternatives to petrochemical-based fuels in the aviation industry in the short to medium term, since blends of biofuel and kerosene provide a good balance of properties currently required from an aviation fuel. Experimental studies at a variety of stoichiometries using a flat flame burner with kerosene and kerosene/biofuel blends have been performed with product analysis by gas sampling and laser-induced fluorescence detection of OH, CO, and CO2. These studies have been complemented by modeling using the PREMIX module of Chemkin to provide insights into and to validate combined models describing the oxidation chemistry of surrogate fuels depicting kerosene, fatty acid methyl ester biofuels, and Fischer-Tropsch derived fuels. Sensitivity analysis has identified important reactions within these schemes, which, where appropriate, have been investigated by molecular modeling techniques available within Gaussian 03.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF THE CETANE NUMBER AND LUBRICITY IMPROVING ADDITIVES ON THE QUALITY PARAMETERS OF AVIATION-TURBINE FUEL

Aviation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Vilutienė ◽  
Gvidonas Labeckas ◽  
Stasys Slavinskas
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Power Generators ◽  
Basic Quality ◽  
Reference Parameters ◽  
Aviation Turbine Fuel

In order to recommend jet fuel for powering diesel engines the quality parameters of the following fuels were determined: diesel fuel (NATO code F-54) according to standard LST EN 590: 2014, jet fuel (NATO code F-35 and F-34) according to standard ASTM D 1655 and U.S.MIL-DTL-83133E, and jet fuel was treated with additives at the Centre of Quality research laboratory located at “ORLEN Lietuva” Ltd. Basic quality parameters of alternative jet fuels were analysed and compared with the reference parameters of diesel fuel. It was determined that the use of additives in jet fuel improves its parameters up to a level which satisfies the corresponding characteristics of normal diesel fuel: cetane number, lubricating properties, net heating value per unit of mass, sulphur content and, therefore, can be recommended for the use in land-based transport means and power generators.

Assessing Alternative Fuels for Helicopter Operation

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Alexiou ◽  
A. Tsalavoutas ◽  
B. Pons ◽  
N. Aretakis ◽  
I. Roumeliotis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Fuel Price ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Turboshaft Engine ◽  
Performance Results

At present, nearly 100% of aviation fuel is derived from petroleum using conventional and well known refining technology. However, the fluctuations of the fuel price and the vulnerability of crude oil sources have increased the interest of the aviation industry in alternate energy sources. The motivation of this interest is actually twofold: firstly, alternative fuels will help to stabilize price fluctuations by relieving the worldwide demand for conventional fuel. Secondly, alternative fuels could provide environmental benefits including a substantial reduction of emitted CO2 over the fuel life cycle. Thus, the ideal alternative fuel will fulfill both requirements: relieve the demand for fuels derived from crude oil and significantly reduce CO2 emissions. In the present paper, the effects of various alternative fuels on the operation of a medium transport/utility helicopter are investigated using performance models of the helicopter and its associated turboshaft engine. These models are developed in an object-oriented simulation environment that allows a direct mechanical connection to be established between them in order to create an integrated model. Considering the case of a typical mission for the specific helicopter/engine combination, a comparative evaluation of conventional and alternative fuels is then carried out and performance results are presented at both engine and helicopter levels.

scholarly journals Conversion of poplar biomass into high-energy density tricyclic sesquiterpene jet fuel blendstocks

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gina M. Geiselman ◽  
James Kirby ◽  
Alexander Landera ◽  
Peter Otoupal ◽  
Gabriella Papa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Jet Fuels

Abstract Background In an effort to ensure future energy security, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and create domestic jobs, the US has invested in technologies to develop sustainable biofuels and bioproducts from renewable carbon sources such as lignocellulosic biomass. Bio-derived jet fuel is of particular interest as aviation is less amenable to electrification compared to other modes of transportation and synthetic biology provides the ability to tailor fuel properties to enhance performance. Specific energy and energy density are important properties in determining the attractiveness of potential bio-derived jet fuels. For example, increased energy content can give the industry options such as longer range, higher load or reduced takeoff weight. Energy-dense sesquiterpenes have been identified as potential next-generation jet fuels that can be renewably produced from lignocellulosic biomass. Results We developed a biomass deconstruction and conversion process that enabled the production of two tricyclic sesquiterpenes, epi-isozizaene and prespatane, from the woody biomass poplar using the versatile basidiomycete Rhodosporidium toruloides. We demonstrated terpene production at both bench and bioreactor scales, with prespatane titers reaching 1173.6 mg/L when grown in poplar hydrolysate in a 2 L bioreactor. Additionally, we examined the theoretical fuel properties of prespatane and epi-isozizaene in their hydrogenated states as blending options for jet fuel, and compared them to aviation fuel, Jet A. Conclusion Our findings indicate that prespatane and epi-isozizaene in their hydrogenated states would be attractive blending options in Jet A or other lower density renewable jet fuels as they would improve viscosity and increase their energy density. Saturated epi-isozizaene and saturated prespatane have energy densities that are 16.6 and 18.8% higher than Jet A, respectively. These results highlight the potential of R. toruloides as a production host for the sustainable and scalable production of bio-derived jet fuel blends, and this is the first report of prespatane as an alternative jet fuel.

scholarly journals Towards greener aviation : a comparative study on the substitution of standard jet fuel with algal based second generation biofuels

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Abdul Majid Haddad
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Realistic Potential ◽  
Second Generation Biofuels

The negative environmental impact of the aviation industry, related mainly to the gaseous emissions from turbine exhausts, is increasing with the increased demand on travel. In addition to the adverse environmental effects, the currently used aviation fuel is posing economic burdens on the air transport sector, with the increase in crude oil prices. Therefore, the aviation industry is investigating the potential of substituting the currently used aviation fuel with alternative fuels- mainly with those derived from second generation biofuels. Of all available sources of second generation biofuels, numerous studies indicate that those derived from algae seem to be the most promising, in terms of providing a viable and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. This study explores the feasibility of microalgal jet fuel, taking into consideration technological, environmental and economic aspects. The results indicate that the viability and sustainability of microalgal jet fuel greatly depend on the technologies and inputs used during the different production stages of microalgal fuels. Provided certain conditions and characteristics are present, microalgal jet fuel has a realistic potential to provide the economic and environmental benefits needed to substitute conventional fuels.

A Study on Bio-Diesel and Jet Fuel Blending for the Production of Renewable Aviation Fuel

2020 ◽  
Vol 1008 ◽  
pp. 231-244
Author(s):  
Rehab M. El-Maghraby
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Point ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Smoke Point ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Fuel Blend ◽  
Jet Production ◽  
Fuel Blending ◽  
Point Total

Aviation industry is considered one of the contributors to atmospheric CO2emissions. It is forced to cut off carbon dioxide emission starting 2020. Current trends in bio-jet production involve mega projects with million dollars of investments. In this study, bio-jet fuel production by blending bio-diesel with traditional jet fuel at different concentrations of bio-diesel (5, 10, 15, 20 vol. %) was investigated. This blending technique will reduce bio-jet production cost compared to other bio-jet techniques. Bio-diesel was originally produced by the transesterification of non-edible vegetable oil (renewable sources), so, its blend with jet fuel will has a reduced carbon foot print. The blend was tested to ensure that the end product will meet the ASTM D1655 international specifications for Jet A-1 and Jet A and can be used in aircrafts.Available data on biodiesel blending with jet fuel in the literature is not consistent, there are many contradictory results. Hence, more investigations are required using locally available feedstocks. The main physicochemical properties for Jet A-1 and Jet A according to ASTM D1655 were tested to check if the blend will be compatible with existing turbojet engine systems. Different tests were conducted; vacuum distillation, smoke point, kinematic viscosity, density, flash point, total acidity and freezing point. In addition, heating value of the blend was calculated. The result was then compared with calculated value using blending indices available in the literature. Blending indices were able to predict the laboratory measured specifications for the studied blends.It was found that only 5% bio-diesel- 95% jet fuel blend (B5) meets ASTM standard for Jet A. Hence, biodiesel can be safely used as a blend with fossil-based jet for a concentration of up to 5% without any change in the ASTM specifications. Freezing point is the most important constrain for this blending technique. Higher blends of biodiesel will cause the bio-jet blend to fail ASTM specifications. In general, blending technique will reduce the cost impact that may have been incurred due to change in infrastructure when using other production techniques.

scholarly journals Jet Fuel Efficiency in Brazilian Regular Air Transport

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoela Cabo ◽  
Elton Fernandes ◽  
Paulo Alonso ◽  
Ricardo Pacheco ◽  
Felipe Fagundes
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
The World

Since World War I, the commercial aviation industry has seen many improvements that now allow people and goods to reach the other side of the world in few hours, consuming much less fuel than in recent decades. Improvements in cargo capacity and energy efficiency were significant and, in this scenario, commercial airlines were able to thrive and bring great benefits to world economy. However, this sector is facing environmental challenges due to the intensive use of aviation fuel. Brazil is one of the largest domestic air passenger markets in the world and still has great growth potential, considering its economic potential and territorial dimensions: roughly the same size as the US and twice the size of the European Union. This paper discusses partial productivity of jet fuel in Brazilian domestic aviation and proposes an econometric method to support public regulators and airlines decisions. The proposed model uses variables such as aircraft size, route characteristics and idle flight capacity in a panel data analysis. The results show that reducing idle capacity is one of the best ways to achieve better short-term fuel efficiency and therefore will reduce environmental impacts and have positive economic effects on commercial air transport activities.

Evaluation of Combustion Performance of a Coal-Derived Synthetic Jet Fuel

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Lin ◽  
Yuzhen Lin ◽  
Chi Zhang ◽  
Quanhong Xu ◽  
Chih-Jen Sung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Point ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Synthetic Jet ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Ability To Act ◽  
Engine Testing ◽  
Chinese Standard

For application to aircraft turbines, the present work experimentally examines the physical and combustion-related properties of an F-T synthetic jet fuel relative to the Chinese standard jet fuel, RP-3. This fuel, derived from coal feedstock, is characterized in terms of its physical properties such as density, flash point, freezing point, surface tension, viscosity, and heating value in accordance with Chinese National Standard Testing Methods. Subsequently, several important characteristics relevant to its use in aircraft turbine engines are investigated using a single cup model combustor rig, including atomization, ignition, blowout, and exhaust emissions experiments are carried out. Preliminary results suggest that the use of coal-derived synthetic jet fuel will not result in adverse effects on the performance of an aircraft turbine combustor relative to conventional aviation kerosene. These initial results support the conclusion that full-scale engine testing is warranted to further investigate the performance of F-T synthetic jet fuels in practical systems, and to determine its ability to act as a “drop-in” replacement for traditional aviation fuel.

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