Experimental Study of the Effect of Fuel Properties on Spray Performance of Alternative Jet Fuel

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumaran Kannaiyan ◽  
Reza Sadr
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Atmospheric Condition ◽  
Diagnostic Technique ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Spray Characteristics

Increase in energy demand and stringent emission norms lay emphasis on the need for cleaner, alternative fuels. Application of Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) fuel, a synthetic fuel obtained from Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, as an alternate aviation fuel has been the subject of attention in recent years. This is mainly due to its cleaner combustion characteristics when compared to conventional jet fuel and the reduction of dependence on the crude oil supply. However, chemical and physical properties of the GTL are different from conventional jet fuels owing to the difference in their production methodology. The change in GTL fuel physical properties could potentially alter the atomization characteristics, which, in turn affects the evaporation, mixing, combustion, and finally the pollutant formation processes. Therefore, it is important to have a thorough understanding of the combustion precursors of GTL fuel to better understand the combustion and emission processes. A comprehensive evaluation of the microscopic spray characteristics of GTL and Jet A-1 fuels are carried out using a point-wise laser diagnostic technique, Phase Doppler Anemometry at atmospheric condition. The spray characteristics are investigated at several axial and radial locations of the spray. Results obtained clearly show that the influence of fuel properties on the spray characteristics at atmospheric condition is mostly observed near the nozzle exit, rather than in regions further downstream.

Spray Characteristics of Fischer-Tropsch Alternate Jet Fuels

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumaran Kannaiyan ◽  
Reza Sadr
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Synthetic Jet ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Fischer Tropsch ◽  
Spray Characteristics ◽  
Pressure Swirl

Increase in energy demand and stringent emission norms drive the need for clean, alternative energy source. Recently, gas-to-liquid (GTL), a synthetic jet fuel produced from natural gas using Fischer-Tropsch synthesis has grabbed global attention due to its cleaner combustion aspects when compared to the conventional jet fuel. The chemical and physical properties of GTL fuels are different from the conventional fuels which could potentially affect the atomization and in turn the combustion characteristics and pollutant formation. In this work the spray characteristics of two GTL blends and conventional Jet A-1 fuels are investigated downstream of a pressure swirl nozzle exit at two injection pressures and the results are then compared. Microscopic spray characteristics, droplet size and velocity distributions are obtained at global as well as local levels of the spray using global sizing velocimetry and phase Doppler anemometry measurement techniques, respectively. Results clearly show that although the GTL fuels have different physical properties, such as viscosity, density, and surface tension the spray characteristics of the GTL fuels are found to be similar to those of Jet A-1 fuel.

Evaluating Effects of Fuel Properties on Smoke Emissions

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meor Ruslan ◽  
Ihab Ahmed ◽  
Bhupendra Khandelwal
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Reasoning ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Smoke Emission ◽  
Turbine Engine ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Carbon Mass

Volatile oil price and environmental impact of conventional jet fuel are key motivators towards the proposing of alternative jet fuels. This article introduces and establishes a relationship between jet fuel properties/composition and smoke emission. It is an important and comprehensive task as it underlines the base references and scientific reasoning on fuel compositions / properties; very few, if any, studies have investigated the effects of each of the properties/ compositions on smoke emissions. Two sets of fuels were tested on small re-commissioned Honeywell GTCP85 APU gas turbine Engine. The first set was consisted of 8 novel fuels, while the second was a blend of varied percentages of Jet A-1 and other alternative fuel. This is to provide a wide range of properties and compositions. The results were compared to those of Jet A-1on the same platform (Honeywell GTCP85 APU). It was observed that not all fuel compositions/properties have the same effects on the smoke number. Some of them such as: Specific Energy, Kinematic, viscosity, Biphenyls, monocycloparaffin, AlkylBenzene, Fluorenes, Distillation temp (90%), Carbon (%mass), Naphthalene, Composite Density, Benzocycloparaffin, Density at 15C°, Aromatics (%Vol) and Net heat of Combustion have a clear direct effect on the smoke number, while others such as iso-paraffin and flashpoint have a reduced impact on smoke number. This data shall be used to predict the effect of certain composition/ property on the smoke emission, thus it could be avoided or to be taking into considerations when producing or using new alternative fuels.

scholarly journals Conversion of poplar biomass into high-energy density tricyclic sesquiterpene jet fuel blendstocks

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gina M. Geiselman ◽  
James Kirby ◽  
Alexander Landera ◽  
Peter Otoupal ◽  
Gabriella Papa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Jet Fuels

Abstract Background In an effort to ensure future energy security, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and create domestic jobs, the US has invested in technologies to develop sustainable biofuels and bioproducts from renewable carbon sources such as lignocellulosic biomass. Bio-derived jet fuel is of particular interest as aviation is less amenable to electrification compared to other modes of transportation and synthetic biology provides the ability to tailor fuel properties to enhance performance. Specific energy and energy density are important properties in determining the attractiveness of potential bio-derived jet fuels. For example, increased energy content can give the industry options such as longer range, higher load or reduced takeoff weight. Energy-dense sesquiterpenes have been identified as potential next-generation jet fuels that can be renewably produced from lignocellulosic biomass. Results We developed a biomass deconstruction and conversion process that enabled the production of two tricyclic sesquiterpenes, epi-isozizaene and prespatane, from the woody biomass poplar using the versatile basidiomycete Rhodosporidium toruloides. We demonstrated terpene production at both bench and bioreactor scales, with prespatane titers reaching 1173.6 mg/L when grown in poplar hydrolysate in a 2 L bioreactor. Additionally, we examined the theoretical fuel properties of prespatane and epi-isozizaene in their hydrogenated states as blending options for jet fuel, and compared them to aviation fuel, Jet A. Conclusion Our findings indicate that prespatane and epi-isozizaene in their hydrogenated states would be attractive blending options in Jet A or other lower density renewable jet fuels as they would improve viscosity and increase their energy density. Saturated epi-isozizaene and saturated prespatane have energy densities that are 16.6 and 18.8% higher than Jet A, respectively. These results highlight the potential of R. toruloides as a production host for the sustainable and scalable production of bio-derived jet fuel blends, and this is the first report of prespatane as an alternative jet fuel.

SPRAY VISUALIZATION OF HYDROTREATED VEGETABLE OIL UNDER SIMULATED DIESEL ENGINE CONDITION

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
VO TAN CHAU
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Cone Angle ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Spray Characteristics ◽  
Spray Cone Angle ◽  
Penetration Length ◽  
Spray Cone

The diversity of alternative fuels and the corresponding variation in their physical and chemical properties, coupled with simultaneous changes in advanced techniques for CI-engine, needed to improve engine efficiency and emissions. Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO), seen as a promising substitution for petrol-diesel, and diesel fuel (mixed of 7% palm-biodiesel or B7) were analyzed on fuel properties. Then, the influence of these fuel properties on spray characteristics in constant volume combustion chamber were evaluated under conditions of single hole injector of 200m diameter, injection pressure of 100MPa, constant back pressure of 4.0MPa and energizing time of 2.5ms. The results show that HVO had smaller in viscosity (18.48%), density (5.52%), sulfur content, distillation under T50, T90 and higher in derived cetane index (27.2%), heating value (2.2%), respectively, compared to diesel. Spray characteristics of HVO had the same propensity with diesel fuel. HVO revealed a slightly shorter in penetration length (5%) during fully developed zone, a larger spray cone angle (from 0.2 to 1.1 degree wider in quasi-steady state). Both fuels had a similar maximum spray velocity reaching at 5mm to 10mm from nozzle orifice. Also observed was an increase in spray volume of HVO.

scholarly journals Towards greener aviation : a comparative study on the substitution of standard jet fuel with algal based second generation biofuels

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Abdul Majid Haddad
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Realistic Potential ◽  
Second Generation Biofuels

The negative environmental impact of the aviation industry, related mainly to the gaseous emissions from turbine exhausts, is increasing with the increased demand on travel. In addition to the adverse environmental effects, the currently used aviation fuel is posing economic burdens on the air transport sector, with the increase in crude oil prices. Therefore, the aviation industry is investigating the potential of substituting the currently used aviation fuel with alternative fuels- mainly with those derived from second generation biofuels. Of all available sources of second generation biofuels, numerous studies indicate that those derived from algae seem to be the most promising, in terms of providing a viable and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. This study explores the feasibility of microalgal jet fuel, taking into consideration technological, environmental and economic aspects. The results indicate that the viability and sustainability of microalgal jet fuel greatly depend on the technologies and inputs used during the different production stages of microalgal fuels. Provided certain conditions and characteristics are present, microalgal jet fuel has a realistic potential to provide the economic and environmental benefits needed to substitute conventional fuels.

Influence of 1-Butanol Additives on Palm Biodiesel Fuel Characteristics and Low Temperature Flow Properties

2013 ◽  
Vol 465-466 ◽  
pp. 130-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Obed M. Ali ◽  
Rizalman Mamat ◽  
Che Ku M. Faizal
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Pour Point ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel

Diesel engines are widely used in almost all professions and cannot be dispensed with in the near future. Now the fossil fuels which are mainly used in diesel engines are depleting continually accompanied by increasing consumption and prices, there is the need to find alternative fuel to fulfil the worlds energy demand. Alternative fuels like biodiesel, are being used as effective alternative for diesel. The feasibility of biodiesel production from palm oil was investigated with respect to its fuel properties. Though biodiesel can replace diesel satisfactorily, problems related to fuel properties persist. In this study an oxygenated additive 1-butanol (BU) was blended with palm oil biodiesel (POME) in the ratios of 1%, 3%, 5% and 7% and tested for their properties improvement. These blends were tested for energy content and various fuel properties according to ASTM standards. Qualifying of the effect of additive on palm biodiesel fuel properties can serve the researchers who work on biodiesel fuels to indicate the fuel suitability for diesel engines according to fuel standards. Blends of BU in POME resulted in an improvement in acid value, viscosity, density and pour point with increasing content of BU in the blend. Further improvement in the pour point temperature of the palm oil methyl esters 1-butanol blends (B-BU) at 7°C can be achieved by adding 7% BU additive to POME, accompanied by 8.07% decrease in energy content of biodiesel.

Sensitivity Analysis of Fuel Physical Property Effects on Spark Ignition Engine Performance

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah Van Dam ◽  
R. Krishna Kalvakala ◽  
Frederik Boink ◽  
Zongyu Yue ◽  
Sibendu Som
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Alternative fuels are of interest to automakers and regulators due to their potential to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions from transportation sources. Alternative fuels also have fuel properties which may enable advanced combustion modes with higher engine thermal efficiencies. There has been previous work to identify the relationship between various fuel properties and engine performance, but most of this work has been experiments or simulations where the change in properties was obtained through changing the fuel composition, making isolating the effects of individual fuel properties difficult. In this study, numerical simulations have been used to investigate the effects of individual fuel physical properties such as viscosity or heat of vaporization (HoV) on engine performance. Simulations have been performed of two different engine platforms, the first an optical, single-cylinder research engine and the second a multi-cylinder production engine. Both engines are direct-injection spark-ignition engines with pent-roof heads and are designed for automotive applications. Each engine was run at a different operating condition, one stable and one knock-limited. Different base fuels provided a variety of simulated conditions. Up to six different fuel properties were varied as part of Global Sensitivity Analyses performed for each of the engines with multiple performance targets including thermal efficiency, combustion efficiency and combustion phasing. Results show trends that are largely consistent with previous experimental findings using multiple fuels. The engine thermal efficiency was primarily sensitive to the fuel’s HoV, with other fuel physical properties having smaller effects. For optical engine results, the magnitude of the effect was greater in this study than expected based on previous experimental results were many fuel physical and chemical properties were varied simultaneously. However, for the multi-cylinder production engine, the relationship between thermal efficiency and HoV was slightly smaller.

Testing of Synthesized Aromatic Kerosene (SAK) Aviation Fuel Blends at Simulated Altitudes

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pervez Canteenwalla ◽  
Craig R. Davison ◽  
Wajid A. Chishty ◽  
Cynthia Ginestra ◽  
Brice Dally
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Compounds ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Synthetic Jet ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Aromatic Content

A number of pathways for producing new alternative fuels are emerging. One such fuel is Hydrodeoxygenated Synthesized Aromatic Kerosene (HDO-SAK) which is composed of approximately 95% mono-aromatic compounds. This fuel is intended as a blending component to increase the aromatic content of other synthetic fuels that do not contain aromatic compounds and can be used to create either semi-synthetic or fully-synthetic jet fuel for use in aviation. This paper presents the results of engine tests using the HDO-SAK blended with Synthesized Paraffinic Kerosene from Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA-SPK) to create a fully-synthetic fuel with aromatic content that matched that of a comparison conventional jet fuel. Both the HDO-SAK blended fuel and conventional Jet A were tested in a Microturbo TRS-18 turbojet engine at a range of engine conditions and simulated altitudes up to 8,600 m in the National Research Council Canada (NRC) Research Altitude Test Facility (RATFac). This paper details the engine performance results from this testing which represents the first time this particular alternative fuel has been tested in an engine.

scholarly journals Towards greener aviation : a comparative study on the substitution of standard jet fuel with algal based second generation biofuels

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Abdul Majid Haddad
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Realistic Potential ◽  
Second Generation Biofuels

The negative environmental impact of the aviation industry, related mainly to the gaseous emissions from turbine exhausts, is increasing with the increased demand on travel. In addition to the adverse environmental effects, the currently used aviation fuel is posing economic burdens on the air transport sector, with the increase in crude oil prices. Therefore, the aviation industry is investigating the potential of substituting the currently used aviation fuel with alternative fuels- mainly with those derived from second generation biofuels. Of all available sources of second generation biofuels, numerous studies indicate that those derived from algae seem to be the most promising, in terms of providing a viable and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. This study explores the feasibility of microalgal jet fuel, taking into consideration technological, environmental and economic aspects. The results indicate that the viability and sustainability of microalgal jet fuel greatly depend on the technologies and inputs used during the different production stages of microalgal fuels. Provided certain conditions and characteristics are present, microalgal jet fuel has a realistic potential to provide the economic and environmental benefits needed to substitute conventional fuels.

Dependence of Fuel Properties During Blending of Iso-Paraffinic Kerosene and Petroleum-Derived Jet Fuel

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Striebich ◽  
Linda Shafer ◽  
Matthew J. DeWitt ◽  
Zachary West ◽  
Tim Edwards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Fuel Properties
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