Production of Cyclotron-Based Gallium-68 With Low Energy Protons: Preliminary Target Design and Cyclotron Shielding Considerations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Fernando Salas-Tapia ◽  
Tian Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Reactors ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Monte Carlo Code ◽  
Isotope Production ◽  
Main Interest ◽  
Lower Range ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Novel Target ◽  
Gallium 68 ◽  
Target Design

Abstract Nuclear reactors, cyclotrons and generators are being used to produce nuclear medicine radionuclides. Radiopharmaceuticals based on Gallium-68 are widely used both experimentally and clinically in Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Currently Ga-68 is mainly produced via 68Ge/68Ga generators, which are expensive. An alternative method is by cyclotron using high enriched Zinc-68 via the 68Zn(p,n)68Ga reaction. Investigations have been conducted for producing Ga-68 using a solid target impacted with a proton beam in energies between (13–14) MeV or higher. The main interest of this work is to produce Ga-68 using energies within a lower range, therefore Ga-68 can be accessed to locations with cyclotrons of lower energy. In this article, an approach to a novel target design to get Ga-68 with low energy protons is conducted. Adequate shielding to avoid extra doses outer the cyclotron is also considered. Monte Carlo code FLUKA is used to simulate the processes of interaction of radiation with matter and the radioactive isotope production. For a beam energy of 11 MeV and current on target of 40 μA the simulated produced activity is about 69.1 GBq. The results show the feasibility of producing Ga-68 with low energy protons and self-shielding system guarantees the regulation-based dose exposition outer the cyclotron.

Primary hepatic neuroendocrine tumour masquerading as a giant haemangioma: an unusual presentation of a rare disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. e236153
Author(s):  
Talal Almas ◽  
Faisal Inayat ◽  
Maryam Ehtesham ◽  
Muhammad Kashif Khan
Keyword(s):  
Neuroendocrine Tumour ◽  
Somatostatin Receptor ◽  
Stable Condition ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
Postoperative Recovery ◽  
Pathological Examination ◽  
Resected Specimen ◽  
Right Hemihepatectomy ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Gallium 68

Primary hepatic neuroendocrine tumour is an exceedingly rare entity. We hereby delineate the case of a 45-year-old Balti descent woman who hails from a land-locked village situated in the foothills of the Pakistani Himalayas. The patient presented to our medical centre with a hepatic mass. She underwent extensive diagnostic workup. The consistent findings of an abdominal CT scan, coupled with her clinical history, insinuated a preoperative diagnosis of atypical hepatic haemangioma. After a detailed discussion in a multidisciplinary meeting, a standard right hemihepatectomy was performed. She had an uneventful postoperative recovery and was discharged in stable condition after 1 week. Surprisingly, pathological examination and immunohistochemistry of the resected specimen divulged the diagnosis of a grade II primary hepatic neuroendocrine tumour. Her somatostatin-receptor scintigraphy and Gallium-68 DOTATATE positron emission tomography scan excluded residual hepatic or additional body lesions. Regular follow-ups over the past 4 years demonstrated unremarkable radiological findings with no recurrence to date.

Radiochlorine: an underutilized halogen tool

2019 ◽  
Vol 107 (9-11) ◽  
pp. 1027-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne E. Lapi ◽  
Jonathan W. Engle
Keyword(s):  
Specific Activity ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
High Specific Activity ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Cyclotron Production ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Chemistry Development ◽  
Fundamental Research

Abstract Halogen radioisotopes have a variety of physical half-lives which are suitable for probing a wide variety of pharmacokinetic processes. Compared with other radiohalogens, relatively little work has been done with radiochlorine. However, high specific activity radioisotopes of chlorine are available from low energy cyclotron production in quantities suitable for positron emission tomography (PET) and fundamental research. In particular, the sole radioisotope of chlorine which may be used for PET imaging, 34mCl, has achieved a state of development that permits imaging in clinical settings though sparse research effort has been focused on this isotope over the last 40 years. Additionally, the other longer-lived radioisotopes of chlorine will likely continue to show utility for more traditional radiotracer studies and chemistry development.

Comparison between gallium‐68 citrate positron emission tomography‐computed tomography and gallium‐67 citrate scintigraphy for infection imaging

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 1016-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Segard ◽  
Laurence M. J. A. Morandeau ◽  
Marina L. Dunne ◽  
James O. Robinson ◽  
Ronan J. Murray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Infection Imaging ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Gallium 68 ◽  
Gallium 67

The Influence of Different Metal-Chelators on the Biological Profile of Nanoparticles for Gallium-68 Based Molecular Imaging

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 21-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quinn K.T. Ng ◽  
Tatiana Segura ◽  
Anat Ben-Shlomo ◽  
Thomas Krause ◽  
Thomas L. Mindt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Modification ◽  
Molecular Imaging ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Metal Chelators ◽  
Biological Profile ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Properties ◽  
Gallium 68 ◽  
Metal Ion Chelators

The use of metal chelators is becoming increasingly important in the development of new tracers for molecular imaging. With the rise of the field of nanotechnology, the fusion of both technologies has shown great potential for clinical applications. The pharmacokinetcs of nanoparticles can be monitored via positron emission tomography (PET) after surface modification and radiolabeling with positron emitting radionuclides. Different metal ion chelators can be used to facilitate labeling of the radionuclides and as a prerequisite, optimized radiolabeling procedure is necessary to prevent nanoparticle aggregation and degradation. However, the effects of chelator modification on nanoparticle pharmacokinetic properties have not been well studied and currently no studies to date have compared the biological effects of the use of different chelators in the surface modification of nanoparticles.

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