A Comparative Study of Navier-Stokes Equation and Reynolds Equation in Simulating Spool Valve

Author(s):  
S. H. Hong ◽  
S. I. Son ◽  
K. W. Kim

In order to maintain the accurate and precise movement of the actuator of the hydraulic systems, it is necessary to guarantee smooth function of the fluid flow control valves. Concerning hydraulic valves, the spool type directional control valve has particular lock problem. The hydraulic lock occurs when uneven pressure distribution surrounding the spool in the clearance between spool and sleeve causes the spool to move sideways out of its centered position. And the contact between spool and sleeve causes to increase friction and eventually, the spool is blocked inside the sleeve. To reduce the possibility of hydraulic lock, peripheral grooves balancing uneven pressure distribution in the radial clearance is commonly applied to spool. Reynolds equation is commonly used to investigate the lubrication characteristics of the spool valve. However, some of assumptions used in Reynolds equation are not valid when cavitation occurs or fluid inertia is significant in spool valve. So, the study on the applicability and precision of Reynolds equation for spool valve analysis is needed. In this study, the differences between the results from Navier-Stokes equation and Reynolds equation are compared when the cavitation is considered. Frictional forces, lateral forces and leakage flow rate with various aspect ratio of groove are calculated. Besides, when the number of groove is increased, the forces and leakage flow rate are compared. Based on the comparison the applicability of Reynolds equation in calculating the spool valve is also discussed.

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 705
Author(s):  
Seung Il Baek ◽  
Joon Ahn

A straight-through labyrinth seal is one of the most popular non-contacting annular seals through which energy dissipation by turbulence viscosity interaction is achieved with a series of teeth and cavities. The geometric parameters of the straight-through labyrinth seal, such as clearance, tooth width, tooth height, cavity width, and tooth inclination angle, affect its performance. The space for installing a labyrinth seal in turbomachinery is limited, and so it is important to optimize its geometry for a fixed axial length in order to minimize the leakage flow rate and the discharge coefficient. The objective of the current study is to understand the effects of changing the geometric parameters of the seal on the leakage flow rate and the discharge coefficient, and to determine the optimized geometry for a fixed axial length. When the whole axial length is fixed, the most effective way to decrease the discharge coefficient is to reduce the cavity width by increasing the number of cavities. However, if the number of cavities is too high, the beneficial effect of more cavities can be reversed. The results of this study will help turbomachinery manufacturers to design a more efficient labyrinth seal. Numerical simulations of leakage flow for the straight-through labyrinth seal were carried out using Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) models, and the results for their discharge coefficients and pressure distributions were compared to previously published experimental data.


Author(s):  
Andreas Almqvist ◽  
Evgeniya Burtseva ◽  
Kumbakonam Rajagopal ◽  
Peter Wall

Most of the problems in lubrication are studied within the context of Reynolds’ equation, which can be derived by writing the incompressible Navier-Stokes equation in a dimensionless form and neglecting terms which are small under the assumption that the lubricant film is very thin. Unfortunately, the Reynolds equation is often used even though the basic assumptions under which it is derived are not satisfied. One example is in the mathematical modelling of elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL). In the EHL regime, the pressure is so high that the viscosity changes by several orders of magnitude. This is taken into account by just replacing the constant viscosity in either the incompressible Navier-Stokes equation or the Reynolds equation by a viscosity-pressure relation. However, there are no available rigorous arguments which justify such an assumption. The main purpose of this two-part work is to investigate if such arguments exist or not. In Part A, we formulate a generalised form of the Navier-Stokes equation for piezo-viscous incompressible fluids. By dimensional analysis of this equation we, thereafter, show that it is not possible to obtain the Reynolds equation, where the constant viscosity is replaced with a viscosity-pressure relation, by just neglecting terms which are small under the assumption that the lubricant film is very thin. The reason is that the lone assumption that the fluid film is very thin is not enough to neglect the terms, in the generalised Navier-Stokes equation, which are related to the body forces and the inertia. However, we analysed the coefficients in front of these (remaining) terms and provided arguments for when they may be neglected. In Part B, we present an alternative method to derive a lower-dimensional model, which is based on asymptotic analysis of the generalised Navier-Stokes equation as the film thickness goes to zero.


Author(s):  
Fuzhi Tian ◽  
Junfeng Zhang ◽  
Daniel Y. Kwok

Electrokinetic phenomena play an important role in microfluidic transport behavior. Review of literature suggests that surface energetic can also be an important factor, but rarely explored. Typically, surface energetic is taken into account by consideration as an arbitrarily selected slip boundary condition in the modified Navier-Stokes equation. In this paper, instead of selecting this arbitrary slip condition, we examine how solid-liquid energy parameters influence the transport of microfluidics in terms of streaming potential. The simultaneous effects of surface energetics and electrokinetics will be conducted by means of a mean-field free energy lattice boltzmann approach recently proposed. Rather than using the conventional Navier-Stokes equation with a slip condition, the description solid-liquid energetic is manifested by the more physical energy parameters in the mean-field description of the method. As a result, the magnitude of liquid slip can be related directly to the solid-liquid interfacial slip. These results will be employed in conjunction with the description of electrokinetic transport phenomena for streaming potential. The variation of streaming potential as a function of the energy parameters (solid-liquid interaction) is clearly demonstrated. In pressure-driven liquid microfluidics, the flow rate may be decreased due to the counter-effect between the electrokinetic and slip.


Author(s):  
Milan K Mondal ◽  
Nirmal K Manna ◽  
Rana Saha

The spool valve is the key component of hydraulic control system, and the performance of spool valve depends on its leakage behaviour. Again, the leakage flow of spool valve is highly susceptible to valve uncertain dimensions, radial clearance and overlap or underlap. In the present work, the relative performance of critically lapped, underlapped and overlapped valves has been demonstrated in terms of leakage flow rate and pressure sensitivity about the metered ports. An approach to explore uncertain dimensions of the valve has been developed using CFD as an investigating tool. The comparison of CFD prediction against experimental results has also been carried out. It is found that the CFD predictions are in excellent agreement with the experimental results.


Author(s):  
Yumin Xiao ◽  
R. S. Amano

In this paper the flows over shrouded turbine blades with single, double, and triple tip seals were simulated by using the two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations and a compressible k-ε turbulence model. A multi-zone technique was used to generate the grids in the complex flow channel. The calculation results showed that the flow in the seal channel is very complicated and the leakage flow rate is dominated by the minimum flow area and the pressure difference. It showed that the leakage flow rate varies as a function of the number of seals to the power of −0.45. For the cases of multiple-seals the space between two seals has little effect on the total mass flow rate. Finally, it appears there is not a simple function between the leakage flow and the pressure difference.


Author(s):  
А.В. ГУКАСЯН ◽  
Д.А. ШИЛЬКО ◽  
В.С. КОСАЧЕВ

Решением уравнения Навье–Стокса в задачах Куэтта–Пуазейля были определены границы, в рамках которых описан процесс отжима прессового масла с помощью геометрических и скоростных параметров витков шнека. Вычисления производились для материала с высокой вязкостью, имеющего характеристики эффективной вязкости неньютоновской реологии. С использованием балансовых соотношений потоков удалось спрогнозировать работу маслоотжимных агрегатов в режиме форпрессования и экспеллера. В результате выведена модель отжима растительных масел на основе гидродинамики слоистого течения масличного материала в маслоотжимных агрегатах с учетом распределения потока и гидростатического давления в каналах витков шнека. Использование модели двумерного слоистого течения на основе решения задачи Куэтта–Пуазейля базируется на уравнении Навье–Стокса для установившегося режима. Результаты моделирования основаны на технологических параметрах мезги, поступающей на прессование, начальной масличности подсолнечной мезги и начальном расходе, равном 380 кг/ч, который определяется согласно пропускной способности как аналитическое решение этой задачи. Верхняя граница применимости модели слоистого течения масличного материала определяется соотношением геометрии витка шнека с минимальной пропускной способностью 154 кг/ч и содержанием масла в этом материале в диапазоне от 0 до 0,5 кг на 1 кг масличного материала. Нижняя граница применимости этой модели определяется идеализированным случаем экструдирования мезги по каналам шнека при отсутствии отжима. Зависимости изменения давления от расхода мезги, получаемые на основе слоистой модели, позволяют надежно интерполировать распределение давления по виткам шнека в процессе отжима масличного материала. На практике достигнута остаточная масличность жмыха 10% при производительности 200 кг/ч, что дает хорошее совпадение с полученными расчетными значениями. By solving the Navier–Stokes equation in the Couette–Poiseuille problems, the boundaries were determined, within which the process of pressing oil is described using the geometric and speed parameters of the auger turns. The calculations were performed for a high viscosity material having non-Newtonian rheology effective viscosity characteristics. Using the balance flow ratios, it was possible to predict the operation of the oil-pumping units in the pre-pressing and expeller mode. As a result, a model of vegetable oil extraction is derived based on the hydrodynamics of the layered flow of oilseed material in oil-pressing units, taking into account the flow distribution and hydrostatic pressure in the channels of the auger turns. The use of a two-dimensional layered flow model based on the solution of the Couette–Poiseuille problem is based on the Navier–Stokes equation for the steady-state regime. The simulation results are based on the technological parameters of the pulp entering the pressing – the initial oil content of the sunflower pulp and the initial flow rate of 380 kg/h, which is determined according to the throughput as an analytical solution to this problem. The upper limit of the applicability of the model of layered flow of oil-bearing material is determined by the ratio of the geometry of the auger turn with a minimum throughput of 154 kg/h and the oil content in this material in the range from 0 to 0,5 kgper 1 kgof oil-bearing material. The lower limit of the applicability of this model is determined by the idealized case of extrusion of pulp through the auger channels in the absence of pressing. The dependences of the pressure change on the pulp flow rate, obtained on the basis of the layered model, allow us to reliably interpolate the pressure distribution along the auger turns during the pressing of oilseed material. The residual oil content of the oilcake is about 10% at a capacity of 200 kg/h, which gives a good match with the calculated values.


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