Formability Evaluation of Galvannealed (GA), Hot-Dip Pure Zn Galvanized (GI), Electrogalvanized (EG) and Electrogalvanized Prephosphated (EGP) Interstitial Free Steelaluation

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Miranda ◽  
J. R. G. Carneiro ◽  
P. P. Brito
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Crystallographic Texture ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Pressure Range ◽  
Interstitial Free ◽  
If Steel ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Steel Sheets ◽  
Optic Microscopy

The formability of galvannealed (GA), hot-dip pure Zn galvanized (GI), electrogalvanized (EG), and electrogalvanized prephosphated (EGP) interstitial free (IF) steel sheets was studied. The phases in the Fe-Zn system were characterized using electronic and optic microscopy as well as X-ray diffraction. Behavior of the Zn coating when subjected to stretching, bending and drawing was also assessed. Comparison between the performance of large-scale industrial production of GA, GI, EG and EGP coated steels was made possible. The GI steels presented the best results, due to the predominantly basal crystallographic texture, lower friction coefficient with commercial oils and better press-forming response in the pressure range of 135-180kgf/cm2. It was also observed that the phosphate present in the EGP steels protected the structure of the EG coating, reducing the friction coefficient. Lastly, differences between the coatings, regarding stretching, bending and drawing, were confirmed.

The In Situ Study on the Micro-Structural Characters of IF Steel at Early Stage of Recrystallization Using High-Energy X-Ray

2008 ◽  
Vol 575-578 ◽  
pp. 972-977
Author(s):  
He Tong ◽  
Yan Dong Liu ◽  
Q.W. Jiang ◽  
Y. Ren ◽  
G. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Annealing Temperature ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Fiber Texture ◽  
Interstitial Free ◽  
If Steel ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cold Rolled

High-energy synchrotron diffraction offers great potential for experimental study of recrystallization kinetics. A fine experimental design to study the recrystallization mechanism of Interstitial Free (IF) steel was implemented in this work. In-situ annealing process of cold-rolled IF steel with 80% reduction was observed using high-energy X-ray diffraction. Results show that, the diffraction intensity of {001}<110> and {112}<110> belong to α-fiber texture component decreased with the annealing temperature increased while {111}<110> did nearly not change and {111}<112> increased; the FMTH decreasing and d-space changing with annealing temperature increasing indicated that the residual stress relaxed completely during recovery.

scholarly journals STRENGTH AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF COLD-ROLLED IF STEEL

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Anh-Hoa Bui ◽  
Hoang Le
Keyword(s):  
Steel Plates ◽  
Interstitial Free ◽  
If Steel ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Steel Sheets ◽  
Vacuum Technology ◽  
Cold Rolled ◽  
Soaking Temperature

<p>With the emerge of vacuum technology, it is possible to produce ultra low carbon (ULC) steels with carbon content of less than 0.005 %mass which is called interstitial free (IF) steels. In this study, strength and microstructure of IF steel after cold-rolling have been determined. The initial steel plates were cold-rolled using two different cold reductions (CR) as 80 and 90% in total, thereafter the steel sheets were cut into specimens for tensile test and optical microscopy. Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the cold-rolled steel was high (650¸807 MPa), but the elongation (EL) was low (3.5¸5.3%). Meanwhile, UTS of the annealed steels was decreased to 290 MPa when soaking temperature was 800<sup>o</sup>C because of stress relief and recrystallization. It was concluded that higher CR (more severe deformation) increased the strength but decreased the ductility of the IF steels. In consistence with micrograph of the steels, X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that microstructure of the cold-rolled and annealed IF steels was only ferrite. Textures, one of the most important factors affecting the recrystallization, were found in cold-rolled steels.</p>

Compressibility of β-As4S4: an in situ high-pressure single-crystal X-ray study

2012 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 963-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. O. Lepore ◽  
T. Boffa Ballaran ◽  
F. Nestola ◽  
L. Bindi ◽  
D. Pasqual ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Range ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Structural Data ◽  
Unit Cell ◽  
Van Der Waals Interactions ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Unit Cell Parameters ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
Intermolecular Distances

AbstractAmbient temperature X-ray diffraction data were collected at different pressures from two crystals of β-As4S4, which were made by heating realgar under vacuum at 295ºC for 24 h. These data were used to calculate the unit-cell parameters at pressures up to 6.86 GPa. Above 2.86 GPa, it was only possible to make an approximate measurement of the unit-cell parameters. As expected for a crystal structure that contains molecular units held together by weak van der Waals interactions, β-As4S4 has an exceptionally high compressibility. The compressibility data were fitted to a third-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state with a resulting volume V0 = 808.2(2) Å3, bulk modulus K0 = 10.9(2) GPa and K' = 8.9(3). These values are extremely close to those reported for the low-temperature polymorph of As4S4, realgar, which contains the same As4S4 cage-molecule. Structural analysis showed that the unit-cell contraction is due mainly to the reduction in intermolecular distances, which causes a substantial reduction in the unit-cell volume (∼21% at 6.86 GPa). The cage-like As4S4 molecules are only slightly affected. No phase transitions occur in the pressure range investigated.Micro-Raman spectra, collected across the entire pressure range, show that the peaks associated with As–As stretching have the greatest pressure dependence; the S–As–S bending frequency and the As–S stretching have a much weaker dependence or no variation at all as the pressure increases; this is in excellent agreement with the structural data.

Tribological Behavior of Mesophase Carbon Added with Titanium and Copper

2011 ◽  
Vol 80-81 ◽  
pp. 60-63
Author(s):  
Xue Qing Yue ◽  
Hua Wang ◽  
Shu Ying Wang
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Ball Mill ◽  
Friction And Wear ◽  
Applied Load ◽  
Tribological Behavior ◽  
Metallic Elements ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

Incorporation of metallic elements, titanium and copper, into carbonaceous mesophase (CM) was performed through mechanical alloying in a ball mill apparatus. The structures of the raw CM as well as the Ti/Cu-added CM were characterized by X-ray diffraction. The tribological behavior of the Ti/Cu-added CM used as lubricating additives was investigated by using a high temperature friction and wear tester. The results show that, compared with the raw CM, the Ti/Cu-added CM exhibits a drop in the crystallinity and a transition to the amorphous. The Ti/Cu-added CM used as lubricating additive displays an obvious high temperature anti-friction and wear resistance effect, and the lager the applied load, the lower the friction coefficient and the wear severity.

Investigation of Residual Stress/Strain and Texture in a Large Dissimilar Metal Weld Using Synchrotron Radiation and Neutrons

2013 ◽  
Vol 772 ◽  
pp. 193-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten Ohms ◽  
Rene V. Martins
Keyword(s):  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Energy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Butt Weld ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Component Size ◽  
Thin Slice

Bi-metallic piping welds are frequently used in light water nuclear reactors to connect ferritic steel pressure vessel nozzles to austenitic stainless steel primary cooling piping systems. An important aspect for the integrity of such welds is the presence of residual stresses. Measurement of these residual stresses presents a considerable challenge because of the component size and because of the material heterogeneity in the weld regions. The specimen investigated here was a thin slice cut from a full-scale bi-metallic piping weld mock-up. A similar mock-up had previously been investigated by neutron diffraction within a European research project called ADIMEW. However, at that time, due to the wall thickness of the pipe, stress and spatial resolution of the measurements were severely restricted. One aim of the present investigations by high energy synchrotron radiation and neutrons used on this thin slice was to determine whether such measurements would render a valid representation of the axial strains and stresses in the uncut large-scale structure. The advantage of the small specimen was, apart from the easier manipulation, the fact that measurement times facilitated a high density of measurements across large parts of the test piece in a reasonable time. Furthermore, the recording of complete diffraction patterns within the accessible diffraction angle range by synchrotron X-ray diffraction permitted mapping the texture variations. The strain and stress results obtained are presented and compared for the neutron and synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements. A strong variation of the texture pole orientations is observed in the weld regions which could be attributed to individual weld torch passes. The effect of specimen rocking on the scatter of the diffraction data in the butt weld region is assessed during the neutron diffraction measurements.

The Croonian Lecture, 1970 The structural basis of muscular contraction

1971 ◽  
Vol 178 (1051) ◽  
pp. 131-149 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Muscular Contraction ◽  
Important Change ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
New Era ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Biology I ◽  
The Times ◽  
Polypeptide Chains

A previous occasion on which the Croonian lecture was directly concerned with the mechanism of muscular contraction was in 1945, when it was delivered by Professor W. T. Astbury. On that occasion he commented that it was a sign of the times that a physicist should be asked to give the Croonian lecture, and went on to say, and I quote: ‘We are at the dawn of a new era, the era of “molecular biology”, as I like to call it, and there is an urgency about the need for more intensive application of physics and chemistry, and specially structural analysis, to biological problems.’ These were very prophetic words, and, as a physicist just entering biology, I was much interested to read them, and to learn about his experiments. The basic experimental finding which Astbury reported (1947) was that there did not seem to be any important change in the wide angle X-ray diagram from muscle upon contraction; hence it followed that muscles did not contract by any process which simply involved the large-scale disorientation of originally well-ordered polypeptide chains, nor by an alteration in chain configuration in the well-ordered parts of the structure. Astbury suggested instead that there might be ‘specifically active foci’ which one could perhaps paraphrase as ‘larger structural units’ (i.e. larger than individual polypeptide chains) concerned in contraction, which might be studied in the electron microscope or by low angle X-ray diffraction.

In-Situ Diffraction Studies of Gas Storage Materials on a Laboratory X-Ray System

2013 ◽  
Vol 1544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Sommariva ◽  
Harald van Weeren ◽  
Olga Narygina ◽  
Jan-André Gertenbach ◽  
Christian Resch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Reaction Chamber ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Gas Pressure ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Structural Modifications ◽  
Model Studies

ABSTRACTThe sorption processes for hydrogen and carbon dioxide are of considerable, and growing interest, particularly due to their relevance to a society that seeks to replace fossil fuels with a more sustainable energy source. X-ray diffraction allows a unique perspective for studying structural modifications and reaction mechanisms that occur when gas and solid interact. The fundamental challenge associated with such a study is that experiments are conducted while the solid sample is held under a gas pressure. To date in-situ high gas pressure studies of this nature have typically been undertaken at large-scale facilities such as synchrotrons or on dedicated laboratory instruments. Here we report high-pressure XRD studies carried out on a multi-purpose diffractometer. To demonstrate the suitability of the equipment, two model studies were carried out, firstly the reversible hydrogen cycling over LaNi5, and secondly the structural change that occurs during the decomposition of ammonia borane that results in the generation of hydrogen gas in the reaction chamber. The results have been finally compared to the literature. The study has been made possible by the combination of rapid X-ray detectors with a reaction chamber capable of withstanding gas pressures up to 100 bar and temperatures up to 900 °C.

The Effect of Deformation Strain on Texture Uniformity in Tantalum Sheet during Asymmetric Cross Rolling

2021 ◽  
Vol 1016 ◽  
pp. 1765-1769
Author(s):  
Jia Lin Zhu ◽  
Shi Feng Liu ◽  
Dou Dou Long ◽  
Ya Hui Liu ◽  
Shi Yuan Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Purity ◽  
Crystallographic Texture ◽  
Texture Gradient ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Center Layer ◽  
Deformation Strain ◽  
Cross Rolling ◽  
X Ray

Microstructure and crystallographic texture play an important role in the sputtering target properties. The effect of asymmetric cross rolling (ACR) and deformation strain during ACR on texture homogeneity is not clear. Thus, high-purity tantalum (Ta) plates were ACR to 60% and 87% reduction in thickness. Texture of the rolled Ta sheets in the surface and center layer are characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD results indicate that ACR is effective to weaken the texture gradient existing in the as-received Ta plate. Besides, more homogeneous texture distribution along the thickness can be obtained with the increasing strain during ACR process.

Measurements of lattice strain in cold-rolled CR4 steel sheets using X-ray diffraction

2021 ◽  
Vol 264 ◽  
pp. 114930
Author(s):  
Tilak Raj Gupta ◽  
Sarabjeet Singh Sidhu ◽  
Jitendra Kumar Katiyar ◽  
H.S. Payal
Keyword(s):  
Lattice Strain ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Steel Sheets ◽  
Cold Rolled

Large-scale and facile fabrication of PbSe nanostructures by selenization of a Pb sheet

2015 ◽  
Vol 08 (05) ◽  
pp. 1550063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Hoomi ◽  
Ramin Yousefi ◽  
Farid Jamali-Sheini ◽  
Abdolhossein Sáaedi ◽  
Mohsen Cheraghizade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Infrared Region ◽  
Photoelectron Spectra ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Facile Fabrication ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Lower Temperature

PbSe nanostructures were synthesized by selenization of lead sheets in a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) set-up under a selenium ambiance. The lead sheets were placed in the different temperature zones, between 300°C and 450°C. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images showed that, PbSe nanostructures grown on the lead sheets with different morphologies. PbSe nanostructures with flakes shape were grown on the lead sheets that were placed in the lower temperature, while PbSe nanocubes and nanorods, which were grown on the nanocubes, were grown on the lead sheets in the higher temperature. The phase and composition of the product were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS). The XRD and XPS results showed that, the PbSe phase was started to form after 350°C and completed at 450°C. However, the XPS results showed that the Se concentration was different in the samples. In addition, Raman measurements confirmed the XRD and XPS results and indicated three Raman active modes, which belonged to PbSe phase for the nanostructures. The optical properties of the products were characterized by UV–Vis. The optical characterization results showed a band gap for the PbSe nanostructures in the infrared region.

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