Quasi-Static and Dynamic Testing as a Basis for Determining Seat Back Strength

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian R. Herbst ◽  
Chris C. Clarke ◽  
Steven E. Meyer ◽  
Arin A. Oliver ◽  
Davis A. Hock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Dynamic Testing ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Dynamic Test ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Static Test ◽  
Rear Impact ◽  
System Integrity ◽  
Cross Member ◽  
Occupant Kinematics

The performance of a vehicle’s seat back in rear impact accidents can significantly affect occupant kinematics and the associated injury potential. Efforts to establish seat back performance requirements have generated significant debate between stiff and yielding seats [1]. While this paper will not attempt to resolve that issue, the analysis contained herein will compare various test methods for determining the strength of seat backs. This paper presents two quasi-static test methodologies that can be used to evaluate seat back performance. The first method utilizes the test procedure outlined in Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 207, Seating Systems, by loading the seat through its upper cross member. The second method utilizes an Anthropometric Test Dummy (ATD) and applies the load to the seat back through the ATD’s lumbar spine; this method is referred to as the Quasistatic Seat Test (QST). Four seat designs were tested utilizing these two quasistatic test methods. The observations and data obtained from these tests are then compared to dynamic test data documented in FMVSS 301, Fuel System Integrity, type rear impact and sled testing.

A Dynamic-Test Procedure for Improving Seismic Qualification Guidelines

1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-148
Author(s):  
C. W. deSilva
Keyword(s):  
Test Object ◽  
Dynamic Testing ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Dynamic Test ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Modes Of Failure ◽  
Principal Axes ◽  
Black Box Testing ◽  
Three Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Available Information

Several shortcomings of available standards, regulatory guides, and review plans for seismic qualification testing are identified. A rational test nomenclature is proposed. A standard test is developed by optimizing an appropriate test severity measure function. The standard test is a rectilinear test that is equivalent to the three-degree-of-freedom test with uncorrelated excitations, recommended in IEEE-Std. 344. In terms of eigenvectors of a resulting test matrix, a dynamic interpretation is given for principal axes of a test object. The proposed approach to dynamic testing has two main advantages in comparison to the conventional approach of black-box testing. Firstly, knowledge pertaining to test-object dynamics is directly employed in its development. Secondly available information on possible modes of failure in the overall system can be conveniently incorporated into the formulation.

scholarly journals Dynamic ROPS Test for Tractors over 6,000 Kilograms

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caleb M. Lindhorst ◽  
Roger M. Hoy ◽  
Santosh K. Pitla ◽  
Michael F. Kocher
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Testing ◽  
Dynamic Test ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Drop Height ◽  
Static Tests ◽  
Static Test ◽  
Protective Structures

Abstract. OECD static tests (Codes 4, 6, 7, and 8) for agricultural rollover protective structures (ROPS) have become accepted standards for evaluating the ability of these structures to protect the operator during tractor rollover events. The strength properties of some materials typically used in ROPS change because of cold weather embrittlement at low temperatures. The static ROPS tests lack the ability to evaluate the strength of these structures during cold weather. The use of the dynamic ROPS test is well noted as a means for proving cold weather embrittlement resistance properties. Unfortunately, application of the OECD dynamic ROPS test (Code 3) is restricted to tractors with unballasted mass greater than 600 kg and generally less than 6,000 kg. The analyses presented in this technical note were undertaken to evaluate the extension of the OECD Code 3 dynamic ROPS test to tractors with unballasted mass of 6,000 kg or more. Tractor unballasted mass and wheelbase data from 47 wheeled tractors tested at the Nebraska Tractor Test Lab from 2014 to 2016 were used to explore the possibility of using a dynamic test method for evaluating the ability of ROPS on tractors with unballasted mass greater than 6,000 kg to meet the safety requirements of agricultural tractor ROPS. The data were graphed and analyzed to determine the required pendulum drop height and energy values to be applied to the ROPS by extending the existing equations to tractors over 6,000 kg. For tractors over 6,000 kg mass, it was determined that pendulum drop heights were too great for practical use. Three pendulum masses were proposed for the dynamic ROPS test: a 2,000 kg pendulum for tractors with mass less than 7,000 kg, a 4,000 kg pendulum for tractors with mass of 7,000 kg or more and less than 14,000 kg, and a 6,000 kg pendulum for tractors with mass of 14,000 kg or more and less than 23,000 kg. Alternate equations were developed for the drop height of each pendulum to meet the energy requirements that are expected to provide similar permanent deflections as those obtained when using the static ROPS test when considering the effect of strain rates on material properties. Tests should be conducted to determine how the results (permanent deflections) from the proposed dynamic ROPS test compare with results from the accepted static ROPS tests. It is further proposed that dynamic testing be conducted with the tractor rigidly restrained in a manner similar to the static test to better account for the wide variety of available tires and mountings for each tractor model. Keywords: Energy, Impact test, Pendulum, Reference mass, ROPS, Tractors.

scholarly journals Experimental Study of the Modulus of Deformation Determined by Static and Dynamic Plate Load Tests

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 109-124
Author(s):  
Sirko Lehmann ◽  
Steffen Leppla ◽  
Arnoldas Norkus
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Modulus ◽  
Dynamic Test ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Load Test ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Engineering Practice ◽  
Plate Load Test ◽  
Static Test ◽  
Modulus Of Deformation ◽  
Load Tests

Soil, or soil structure modulus of deformation, is one of the main design parameters for road engineering and traffic infrastructure design of, for example, highways, railways, runways and embankments. It is also the main soil improvement criterion. When creating any road structure with codified design resistance, one employs structural layers of certain thicknesses and modulus of deformation. Both values need to satisfy the minimum values in accordance with codified requirements. This paper analyzes correlations for the widely applied in engineering practice methods to determine the soil stiffness. The static test methods acknowledged to be exact enough for determining the modulus of deformation for the primary and secondary loadings. As dynamic test methods require significantly less time and financial resources, they are widely accepted in engineering practice. The dynamic methods determine only the dynamic modulus of deformation. Design practice aims to relate it with the static modulus of deformation of the secondary loading. Many countries propose codified correlations, with differing levels of conservatism, to convert the dynamic modulus of deformation into the static one. Developed correlations between the results of the static plate load test and the dynamic plate load tests processed from own test results of different soils are presented and a comparative analysis with other proposed correlations is given.

Computerized Dynamic Testing: A Study of the Potential of an Approach Using Sensor Technology

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilma C. M. Resing ◽  
Wouter M. P. Steijn ◽  
Iro Xenidou-Dervou ◽  
Claire E. Stevenson ◽  
Julian G. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Dynamic Testing ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Dynamic Test ◽  
Sensor Technology ◽  
Training Design ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Outcome Scores ◽  
Extensive Information ◽  
Computerized Procedures

This study explored the use of computerized dynamic testing in education for 8-year-old children. As for other domains, it was expected that the use of a computer would help overcome difficulties encountered with traditional dynamic test procedures. A recently developed computerized console was used, based on sensor technology, in combination with electronic tangibles. The main aim was to investigate if dynamic testing with graduated prompts offered by a computerized interface provided richer and more extensive information about test performance than with prompts offered by an examiner. Fifty-four children participated in the dynamic test procedure, which used a pretest–posttest training design. The results indicated no significant differences in children’s performance based on whether prompts were offered by either the computer or by an examiner. The suitability of the procedure was measured by several behavioral outcome scores, the recording of which was made possible by the use of sensor technology. In the light of the findings, the authors conclude that dynamic testing can profit greatly from the use of computerized procedures.

scholarly journals Static and dynamic measurements on glass panes – experimental analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 352 ◽  
pp. 00007
Author(s):  
Ján Brodniansky ◽  
Ľuboš Balcierák ◽  
Martin Magura ◽  
Ján Brodniansky
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Analysis ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Dynamic Test ◽  
Float Glass ◽  
Dynamic Measurements ◽  
Static Test ◽  
Material Characteristics ◽  
Pendulum Test ◽  
Glass Panels ◽  
Glass Type

The paper presents testing of glass panels, static test and dynamic test by hard body impact. Pendulum test is presented. Test procedure is described as well as tested samples and their material characteristics. The glass type of tested samples were laminated and float glass, as well as the age of the glass samples were different.

Methods for determining the settling velocity profiles of solids in storm sewage

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (9) ◽  
pp. 117-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuelle Aiguier ◽  
Ghassan Chebbo ◽  
Jean-Luc Bertrand-Krajewski ◽  
Peter Hedges ◽  
Naomi Tyack
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Settling Velocity ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Velocity Profiles ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
Comparative Tests ◽  
Settling Process ◽  
Settling Characteristics

Recently, research has shown that a settling process is an efficient treatment for the removal of suspended solids from storm sewage. In order to design settling tanks, there is a need to determine the settling velocity characteristics of these solids. Devices and test methods for measuring settling velocities of solids in storm sewage have been developed by researchers. A literature review has revealed that the settling velocity profiles obtained with some methods (Chebbo, 1992), (Michelbach and Wohrle, 1993) and (Tyack et al., 1993) are very different. In order to explain why the results are different and to quantify the influence of the experimental procedure on the settling velocity grading curves, we have compared the selected methods when tested with the same sample and we have studied the effects of the conservation of the sample before the test, of the concentration of solids in the device and of the nature of the water on the settling velocity profiles. The results of the comparative tests indicate that the settling velocities are significantly lower with both the Cergrene and Aston methods than with the UFT test procedure. Moreover, the study has shown that the settling characteristics of solids change with time, that the use of sewage liquor rather than demineralised water or drinking water can change the results of the measurement and that the higher the concentration of solids, the greater the velocity of settled particles.

scholarly journals Development and Validation of 2-Azaspiro [4,5] Decan-3-One (Impurity A) in Gabapentin Determination Method Using qNMR Spectroscopy

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1656
Author(s):  
Nataliya E. Kuz’mina ◽  
Sergey V. Moiseev ◽  
Mikhail D. Khorolskiy ◽  
Anna I. Lutceva
Keyword(s):  
Test Procedure ◽  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Intermediate Precision ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Validation Parameters ◽  
Limit Of Quantitation ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Student’S T Test

The authors developed a 1H qNMR test procedure for identification and quantification of impurity A present in gabapentin active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and gabapentin products. The validation studies helped to determine the limit of quantitation and assess linearity, accuracy, repeatability, intermediate precision, specificity, and robustness of the procedure. Spike-and-recovery assays were used to calculate standard deviations, coefficients of variation, confidence intervals, bias, Fisher’s F test, and Student’s t-test for assay results. The obtained statistical values satisfy the acceptance criteria for the validation parameters. The authors compared the results of impurity A quantification in gabapentin APIs and capsules by using the 1H qNMR and HPLC test methods.

scholarly journals Concept and Realization of a Novel Test Method Using a Dynamic Test Stand for Detecting Persons by Sensor Systems on Autonomous Agricultural Robotics

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2315
Author(s):  
Christian Meltebrink ◽  
Tom Ströer ◽  
Benjamin Wegmann ◽  
Cornelia Weltzien ◽  
Arno Ruckelshausen
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Dynamic Test ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Stand ◽  
Human Detection ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Sensor Systems ◽  
Functional Safety ◽  
Agricultural Robots ◽  
Agricultural Robotics

As an essential part for the development of autonomous agricultural robotics, the functional safety of autonomous agricultural machines is largely based on the functionality and robustness of non-contact sensor systems for human protection. This article presents a new step in the development of autonomous agricultural machine with a concept and the realization of a novel test method using a dynamic test stand on an agricultural farm in outdoor areas. With this test method, commercially available sensor systems are tested in a long-term test around the clock for 365 days a year and 24 h a day on a dynamic test stand in continuous outdoor use. A test over a longer period of time is needed to test as much as possible all occurring environmental conditions. This test is determined by the naturally occurring environmental conditions. This fact corresponds to the reality of unpredictable/determinable environmental conditions in the field and makes the test method and test stand so unique. The focus of the developed test methods is on creating own real environment detection areas (REDAs) for each sensor system, which can be used to compare and evaluate the autonomous human detection of the sensor systems for the functional safety of autonomous agricultural robots with a humanoid test target. Sensor manufacturers from industry and the automotive sector provide their sensor systems to have their sensors tested in cooperation with the TÜV.

A Dynamic Test Procedure for Evaluation of Tripped Rollover Crashes

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond J. Hughes ◽  
Lance K. Lewis ◽  
Barry M. Hare ◽  
Yoshiyuki Ishikawa ◽  
Kazuo Iwasaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Test Procedure ◽  
Dynamic Test

Vibration Analysis Methods Applied to Forensic Engineering Problems

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Saczalski ◽  
Eugene B. Loverich
Keyword(s):  
Vibration Analysis ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Biomechanical Analysis ◽  
System Failures ◽  
Injury Criteria ◽  
Analysis Methods ◽  
Engineering Problems ◽  
Shock Impact ◽  
Forensic Engineering ◽  
Occupant Kinematics

Abstract Forensic engineering problems are reviewed to demonstrate how vibration analysis methods can be utilized in certain instances to determine cause of system failures and injury mechanics associated with certain vehicular accidents. A brief overview of injury criteria and biomechanical analysis methods for evaluation of motor vehicle occupant kinematics induced by shock impact loadings is also included.

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