Drag Factors From Rollover Crash Testing for Crash Reconstructions

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Arndt ◽  
Stephen M. Arndt ◽  
Donald Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Crash Testing ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Original Works ◽  
Rollover Crash ◽  
Crash Tests ◽  
Gps Antenna ◽  
Drag Factor

A study of numerous published rollover tests was conducted by reexamination of the original works, analysis of their data, and centralized compilation of their results. Instances were identified where the original reported results for trip speed were in error, requiring revision because the analysis technique employed extrapolation versus integration and lacked correction for offset errors that develop by placing the Global Positioning System (GPS) antenna away from the vehicle Center of Gravity (CG). An analysis was performed demonstrating revised results. In total, 81 dolly rollover crash tests, 24 naturally occurring rollover crash tests, and 102 reconstructed rollovers were identified. Of the 24 naturally occurring tests, 18 were steer-induced rollover tests. Distributions of the rollover drag factors are presented. The range of drag factors for all examined dolly rollovers was 0.38 g to 0.50 g with the upper and lower 15 percent statistically trimmed. The average drag factor for dolly rollovers was 0.44 g (standard deviation = 0.064) with a reported minimum of 0.31 g and a reported maximum of 0.61 g. After revisions, the range of drag factors for the set of naturally occurring rollovers was 0.39 g to 0.50 g with the upper and lower 15 percent statistically trimmed. The average drag factor for naturally occurring rollovers was 0.44 g (standard deviation = 0.063) with a reported minimum of 0.33 g and a reported maximum of 0.57 g. These results provide a more probable range of the drag factor for use in accident reconstruction compared to the often repeated assertion that rollover drag factors range between 0.4 g and 0.65 g.

Constrained Laboratory vs. Unconstrained Steering-Induced Rollover Crash Tests

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (sup2) ◽  
pp. S209-S216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason R. Kerrigan ◽  
Jacek Toczyski ◽  
Carolyn Roberts ◽  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Mark Clauser
Keyword(s):  
Rollover Crash ◽  
Crash Tests

PERBANDINGAN METODE LATIHAN VISUALISASI DAN RELAKSASI TERHADAP PENINGKATAN SKOR JARAK 10 METER PADA ATLET PANAHAN TINGKAT PEMULA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-71
Author(s):  
Ferry Wattimena
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Relaxation Method ◽  
Visualization Method ◽  
State University ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Relaxation Methods ◽  
Test Analysis ◽  
Sports Science ◽  
Distance Score ◽  
Analysis Technique

ABSTRAK Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui perbandingan antara metode visualisasi dan relaksasi terhadap peningkatan skor jarak 10 meter pada atlet panahan tingkat pemula. Sejumlah 34 mahasiswa Fakultas Ilmu Olahraga Universitas Negeri Jakarta yang menjadi subjek penelitian. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen. Pengukuran hasil penelitian menggunakan instrument menembakan 3 anak panah sebanyak 5 seri dengan total skor tertinggi 150. Analisis data penelitian menggunakan teknik analisis uji T. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian 1) Perbandingan data awal dan akhir pada metode visualisasi diperoleh nilai thitung 5,100 dan ttabel sebesar 2,119, berarti terjadi peningkatan yang signifikan hasil metode visualisasi terhadap kemampuan memanah jarak 10 meter. 2) Perbandingan data awal dan akhir pada metode relaksasi diperoleh nilai thitung 5,442 dan t tabel sebesar 2,119, berarti terjadi peningkatan yang signifikan hasil metode relaksasi terhadap kemampuan memanah jarak 10 meter. 3) Perbandingan data tes akhir antara metode visualisasi dan relaksasi terhadap kemampuan memanah jarak 10 meter, rata-rata metode visualisasi sebesar 32,36 standar deviasi 18,12 dan varian 328,51. Rata-rata metode relaksasi sebesar 28,95, standar deviasi 17,81 dan varian 317,37. Kemudian diperoleh nilai thitung 0,553, sedangkan nilai ttabel sebesar  0,203. Jadi thitung > ttabel. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan, metode visualisasi lebih efektif dibanding metode relaksasi terhadap peningkatan kemampuan memanah jarak 10 meter pada mahasiswa Fakultas Ilmu olahraga Universitas Negeri Jakarta.  Kata Kunci          : Panahan, Visualisasi, Relaksasi ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine the comparison between visualization and relaxation methods to an increase in the 10 meter distance score for beginner archery athletes. A total of 34 students of the Faculty of Sports Science, State University of Jakarta are the research subjects. This research is using experimental method. Measurement of research results using the instrument shooting 3 arrows as many as 5 series with the highest total score of 150. Analysis of research data using the T test analysis technique. There was a significant increase in the results of the visualization method on the 10 meter distance archery ability. 2) Comparison of the initial and final data on the relaxation method, the t-count value is 5.442 and the t table is 2.119, which means that there is a significant increase in the results of the relaxation method on the ability to shoot at 10 meters distance. 3) Comparison of final test data between visualization and relaxation methods to archery ability at 10 meters distance, the average visualization method is 32.36 standard deviation 18.12 and variant 328.51. The average relaxation method is 28.95, the standard deviation is 17.81 and the variant is 317.37. Then the t-count value was 0.553, while the t-table value was 0.203. So tcount> ttable. So it can be concluded, the visualization method is more effective than the relaxation method in increasing the ability of 10 meters archery in students of the Faculty of Sports Science, State University of Jakarta.  Keywords: Archery, Visualization, Relaxation

Safety Belt Buckle Environment in Vehicle Rollover Crash Tests

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1181-1202
Author(s):  
Michael J. Haldenwanger ◽  
Antonio Antonucci ◽  
Gerald A. Cooper ◽  
William A. Malopolski ◽  
Jennifer L. Sevigny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Safety Belt ◽  
Vehicle Rollover ◽  
Rollover Crash ◽  
Crash Tests

Development of Transition between Free-Standing and Reduced-Deflection Portable Concrete Barriers

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (39) ◽  
pp. 118-129
Author(s):  
Mojdeh Asadollahi Pajouh ◽  
Robert W. Bielenberg ◽  
John D. Reid ◽  
Jennifer D. Schmidt ◽  
Ronald K. Faller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steel Tube ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Design System ◽  
Work Zones ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Crash Testing ◽  
Deflection System ◽  
Concrete Barriers ◽  
Crash Tests

Portable concrete barriers (PCBs) are often used in applications in which limited deflection is desired during vehicle impacts, such as bridge decks and work zones. In an earlier study, a reduced-deflection, stiffening system was configured for use with non-anchored, F-shape PCBs and was successfully crash tested under Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH) safety performance criteria. However, details and guidance for implementing this barrier system outside the length-of-need, including within transitions to other barrier systems, were not provided. The focus of this study was to develop a crashworthy transition design between the reduced-deflection, F-shape PCB system to free-standing, F-shape PCB segments using engineering analysis and LS-DYNA computer simulation. First, the continuous steel tubes in the reduced-deflection system were tapered down to the surface of the free-standing PCB segments to reduce the potential for vehicle snag. In addition, steel tube spacers were added at the base of the two joints upstream from the reduced-deflection system to increase the stiffness of adjacent free-standing PCBs. Simulations were performed to determine the critical impact points for use in a full-scale crash testing program. It was recommended that three full-scale crash tests be conducted, two tests with a 2270P pickup truck vehicle and one test with an 1100C passenger car, to evaluate the proposed design system with impacts at the recommended critical impact points.

Crash Testing and Evaluation of Culvert-Mounted Midwest Guardrail System

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (7) ◽  
pp. 161-171
Author(s):  
Mojdeh Asadollahi Pajouh ◽  
Robert W. Bielenberg ◽  
Jennifer D. Schmidt-Rasmussen ◽  
Ronald K. Faller
Keyword(s):  
American Association ◽  
Water Drainage ◽  
Test Installation ◽  
State Highway ◽  
Crash Testing ◽  
Test Number ◽  
Box Culverts ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Crash Tests ◽  
Test Level

Concrete box culverts are usually installed under roadways to allow water drainage without affecting the motoring public. Culvert openings can represent a hazard on the roadside when they do not extend outside of the clear zone, and often require safety treatments in the form of roadside barriers. In this study, a modified design of Midwest Guardrail System (MGS) was evaluated for installation on a low-fill culvert with the strong-post attachment using through-bolts and epoxy anchorage through full-scale crash testing. The test installation consisted of MGS with a 31 in. top rail height, supported by W6 × 9 posts, spaced at 37½ in., attached to a low-fill culvert’s top slab with a 12 in. offset from the back of the post to the culvert headwall. Two crash tests were conducted according to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials’ (AASHTO) Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH) 2016 Test Level 3 impact safety criteria. In test number CMGS-1, a 2,428-lb car impacted the MGS attached to the culvert at a speed of 61.3 mph and at an angle of 25.1°. In test number CMGS-2, a 5,013-lb pickup truck impacted the MGS attached to the culvert at a speed of 62.8 mph and an angle of 25.7°. In both tests, the vehicle was safely redirected and captured. Both tests were deemed acceptable according to TL-3 safety criteria in MASH. Recommendations were made for the safe installation of MGS atop low-fill culverts as well as transitions from the standard MGS to the culvert-mounted MGS.

Rollover Crash Tests-The Influence of Roof Strength on Injury Mechanics

1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth F. Orlowski ◽  
R. Thomas Bundorf ◽  
Edward A. Moffatt
Keyword(s):  
Roof Strength ◽  
Rollover Crash ◽  
Crash Tests

scholarly journals Asymmetricity of ground-based GPS slant delay data

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 3143-3151 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Eresmaa ◽  
H. Järvinen ◽  
S. Niemelä ◽  
K. Salonen
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Tropospheric Delay ◽  
Observation Error ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Nwp Model ◽  
Delay Component

Abstract. The ground-based measurements of the Global Positioning System (GPS) allow estimation of the tropospheric delay along the slanted signal paths through the atmosphere. The meteorological exploitation of such slant delay (SD) observations relies on the hypothesis of azimuthal asymmetry of the information content. This article addresses the validity of the hypothesis. A new concept of asymmetricity is introduced for studying the SD observations and their model counterparts. The asymmetricity is defined as the ratio of the absolute asymmetric delay component to total SD. The model counterparts are determined from 3-h forecasts of a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model, run with four different horizontal resolutions. The SD observations are compared with their model counterparts with emphasis on cases of high asymmetricity in order to see whether the observed asymmetry is a real atmospheric signature. The asymmetricity is found to be of the order of a few parts per thousand. Thus, the asymmetric delay component barely exceeds the assumed standard deviation of the SD observation error. However, the observed asymmetric delay components show a statistically significant meteorological signal. Benefit of the asymmetric SD observations is therefore expected to be taken in future, when NWP systems will explicitly represent the small-scale atmospheric features revealed by the SD observations.

scholarly journals PENGARUH HARGA MINYAK DUNIA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI, INFLASI, DAN PENGANGGURAN DI INDONESIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-24
Author(s):  
Sodik Dwi Purnomo ◽  
Istiqomah Istiqomah ◽  
Lilis Siti Badriah
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Inflation Rate ◽  
Vector Autoregression ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Oil Price ◽  
Vector Autoregressive ◽  
Analysis Technique

The purpose of this research is to analyze the influence of oil prices fluctuations to Indonesia macroeconomics that is economic growth, inflation, and unemployment from 1988 to 2018. The data analysis technique uses Vector Autoregressive (VAR). The result showed that oil price fluctuations in the amount of one standard deviation will gives a positive influence to economic growth, inflation rate, and unemployment which each has 0,001 percent, 0,001 percent, and 0,002 percent.Keyword : World Oil Prices, Economic Growth, Inflation, and Unemployment Abstrak Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaruh fluktuasi harga minyak dunia terhadap variabel makroekonomi Indonesia yaitu pertumbuhan ekonomi, inflasi, dan angka pengangguran dari tahun 1988 sampai dengan 2018. Teknik analisis data menggunaan Vector Autoregression (VAR). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa guncangan yang terjadi pada fluktuasi harga minyak dunia sebesar satu standar deviasi akan memberikan pengaruh positif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi, inflasi serta pengangguran yaitu masing-masing sebesar 0,001 persen, 0,001 persen, dan 0,002 persen.Kata Kunci : Harga Minyak Dunia, Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Inflasi, dan Pengangguran

scholarly journals Optimization of Stock Portfolio Using the Markowitz Model in the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Aisha Hanif ◽  
Nur Ravita Hanun ◽  
Rizki Eka Febriansah
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Capital Market ◽  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Optimal Portfolio ◽  
Expected Return ◽  
Markowitz Model ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
High Return ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Stock Portfolio

Stocks are one of the popular investment instruments traded in the capital market. The popularity of stock purchase has developed along with the massive financial literacy movement. However, the massiveness of this movement must be balanced with knowledge and expertise in managing stock instruments since they have a high return rate and high risk. One way to manage stocks is by developing an optimal stock portfolio based on the Markowitz model. The Markowitz model is a method that formulates the elements of return and risk in an investment, and specifically the elements of risk can be minimized through diversification and combination of various investment instruments into a portfolio. By using the Markowitz method, investors can take advantage of all available information as a basis for maximizing the portfolio. This study aimed to determine which stocks can form an optimal portfolio, especially in the era of the COVID 19 pandemic and the optimal proportion of the portfolio that is feasible to obtain from stocks listed in the LQ 45 Index. The study samples involved stocks listed in the LQ 45 Index. The data analysis technique applied in this study was portfolio optimization using the Markowitz model. The results of this study showed that the optimal portfolio consisted of BBCA with a weight of 78.09% and BRPT with a weight of 21.91% which produced an expected return of 2.35% and a standard deviation of 7.01%.

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