Small-Scale Smart Electrical Grid Design, Construction, and Analysis

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Craig ◽  
Xiaokuan Li ◽  
Patrick Sesker ◽  
Alex Mcinerny ◽  
Thomas DeAgostino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Industrial Building ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Lead Acid Battery ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Lead Acid

As society moves into the digital age, the expectation of instantaneous electricity at the flip of a switch is more prominent than ever. The traditional electric grid has become outdated and Smart Grids are being developed to deliver reliable and efficient energy to consumers. However, the costs involved with implementing their infrastructure often limits research to theoretical models. As a result, an undergraduate capstone design team constructed a small-scale 12 VDC version to be used in conjunction with classroom and research activities. In this model Smart Grid, two houses act as residential consumers, an industrial building serves as a high-load demand device, and a lead-acid battery connected to a 120 VAC wall outlet simulates fossil fuel power plants. A smaller lead-acid battery provides a microgrid source while a photovoltaic solar panel adds renewable energy into the mix and can charge either lead-acid battery. All components are connected to a National Instruments CompactRIO system while being controlled and monitored via a LabVIEW software program. The resulting Smart Grid can run independently based on constraints related to energy demand, cost, efficiency, and environmental impact. Results are shown demonstrating choices based on these constraints, including a corresponding weighting according to controller objectives.

scholarly journals A Novel Method for Analyzing Highly Renewable and Sector-coupled Sub-national Energy Systems–Case Study of Schleswig-Holstein

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Nasimul Islam Maruf
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Ground Source Heat Pumps ◽  
Feasible Solutions

The energy transition requires integration of different energy carriers, including electricity, heat, and transport sectors. Energy modeling methods and tools are essential to provide a clear insight into the energy transition. However, the methodologies often overlook the details of small-scale energy systems. The study states an innovative approach to facilitate sub-national energy systems with 100% renewable penetration and sectoral integration. An optimization model, OSeEM-SN, is developed under the Oemof framework. The model is validated using the case study of Schleswig-Holstein. The study assumes three scenarios representing 25%, 50%, and 100% of the total available biomass potentials. OSeEM-SN reaches feasible solutions without additional offshore wind investment, indicating that they can be reserved for supplying other states’ energy demand. The annual investment cost varies between 1.02 bn – 1.44 bn €/yr for the three scenarios. The electricity generation decreases by 17%, indicating that with high biomass-based combined heat and power plants, the curtailment from other renewable plants can be decreased. Ground source heat pumps dominate the heat mix; however, their installation decreases by 28% as the biomass penetrates fully into the energy mix. The validation confirms OSeEM-SN as a beneficial tool to examine different scenarios for sub-national energy systems.

scholarly journals Virtual Power Plant Management in Smart Grids with XMPP Based IEC 61850 Communication

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Furquan Nadeem ◽  
Mohd Asim Aftab ◽  
S.M. Suhail Hussain ◽  
Ikbal Ali ◽  
Prashant Kumar Tiwari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Plant Management ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Communication Model ◽  
Virtual Power ◽  
Iec 61850 ◽  
Virtual Power Plants

Communication plays a key role in the effective management of virtual power plants (VPPs). For effective and stable operation of VPPs, a reliable, secure, and standardized communication infrastructure is required. In the literature, efforts were made to develop this based on industry standards, such as the IEC 60870-5-104, OpenADR 2.0b and IEC 61850. Due to its global acceptance and strong object-oriented information models, IEC 61850 standard-based communication is preferred for smart grid operations, including VPPs. However, communication models based on IEC 61850 present cybersecurity and scalability challenges. To address this issue, this paper presents an eXtensible Message Presence Protocol (XMPP)-based IEC 61850 communication for VPPs. Firstly, a full mapping of IEC 61850 messages for VPP energy management is carried out. Secondly, XMPP-based single- and multiple-domain communications are demonstrated. Finally, a federation concept has been added to facilitate communication in multi-domain communication networks. These models show that a standard communication model can be implemented with IEC 61850 and XMPP, not only for VPPs but other wide-area communication implementations in smart grids. This not only facilitates plug-and-play (PnP) with easy component additions but secures smart grid communication against cyber-attacks.

scholarly journals A Novel Method for Analyzing Highly Renewable and Sector-Coupled Subnational Energy Systems—Case Study of Schleswig-Holstein

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3852
Author(s):  
Md. Nasimul Islam Maruf
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Energy Modeling ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Ground Source Heat Pumps

The energy transition requires an integration of different energy carriers, including electricity, heat, and transport sectors. Energy modeling methods and tools are essential to provide a clear insight into the energy transition. However, the methodologies often overlook the details of small-scale energy systems. The study states an innovative approach to facilitate subnational energy systems with 100% renewable penetration and sectoral integration. An optimization model, the “Open Sector-coupled Energy Model for Subnational Energy Systems” (OSeEM–SN), was developed under the Open Energy Modeling Framework (Oemof). The model is validated using the case study of Schleswig-Holstein. The study assumes three scenarios representing 25%, 50%, and 100% of the total available biomass potentials. OSeEM–SN reaches feasible solutions without additional offshore wind investment, indicating that it can be reserved for supplying other states’ energy demand. The annual investment cost varies between 1.02 and 1.44 bn €/year for the three scenarios. The electricity generation decreases by 17%, indicating that, with high biomass-based combined heat and power plants, the curtailment from other renewable plants can be decreased. Ground source heat pumps dominate the heat mix; however, their installation decreases by 28% as the biomass penetrates fully into the energy mix. The validation confirms OSeEM–SN as a beneficial tool to examine different scenarios for subnational energy systems.

Lead Acid Battery Analysis Using Spectogram

2015 ◽  
Vol 785 ◽  
pp. 692-696
Author(s):  
Rizanaliah Kasim ◽  
Abdul Rahim Abdullah ◽  
Nur Asmiza Selamat ◽  
N.A. Abidullah ◽  
Tengku Nor Shuhadah Tengku Zawawi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Lead Acid Battery ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Portable Power ◽  
Frequency Representation ◽  
Current Voltage ◽  
Signal Characteristics ◽  
Direct Current Voltage ◽  
The Right ◽  
Lead Acid

Renewable energy is an alternative option that can be substituted for future energy demand. Many type of battery are used in commerce to propel portable power and this makes the task of selecting the right battery type is crucial. This paper presents the analysis of voltage charging and discharging for lead acid battery using time-frequency distribution (TFD) which is spectrogram. Spectogram technique is used to represent the signals in the time-frequency representation (TFR). The parameter of a signal such as instantaneous root mean square (RMS) voltage, direct current voltage (VDC) and alternating current voltage (VAC) are estimated from the TFR to identify the signal characteristics. This analysis, focus on lead-acid battery with nominal battery voltage of 6 and 12V and storage capacity from 5 until 50Ah. The battery is a model using MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results show that spectrogram technique is capable to identify and determine the signal characteristic of Lead Acid battery.

scholarly journals A multi-agent system architecture for smart grid management and forecasting of energy demand in virtual power plants

2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Hernandez ◽  
C. Baladron ◽  
J. M. Aguiar ◽  
B. Carro ◽  
A. Sanchez-Esguevillas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Multi Agent System ◽  
Virtual Power ◽  
Agent System ◽  
Virtual Power Plants ◽  
Multi Agent ◽  
Grid Management

scholarly journals Proposed Model of Sustainable Resource Management for Smart Grid Utilization

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Haider Ali Tauqeer ◽  
Faisal Saeed ◽  
Muhammad Hassan Yousuf ◽  
Haroon Ahmed ◽  
Asad Idrees ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Smart Grid ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Sustainable Energy ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Proposed Model

Automation and modernization of the grid with the availability of micro-grids including non-conventional sources of energy are the main constituent of smart grid technology. Most energy demand is fulfilled by fossil fuel-based power plants. Inadequacy of fuel resources, higher operating costs, and ever-increasing carbon emissions are the primary constraints of fossil fuels-operated power plants. Sustainable energy resource utilization in meeting energy demand is thought to be a preferred solution for reducing carbon emissions and is also a sustainable economic solution. This research effort discusses an accurate mathematical modeling and simulation implementation of a sustainable energy resource model powered by solar, grid, and proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack and focuses on the energy management of the model. In the proposed model, despite energy resources being sustainable, consumer side sustainability is achieved by using electrical charging vehicles (ECVs) to be integrated with sustainable resources. The proposed energy resource management (ERM) strategy is evaluated by simulating different operating conditions with and without distributed energy resources exhibiting the effectiveness of the proposed model. PEMFC is incorporated in the model to control fluctuations that have been synchronized with other energy resources for the distribution feeder line. In this proposed model, PEMFC is synchronized with grid and solar energy sources for both DC and AC load with ERM of all sources, making the system effective and reliable for consumer-based load and ECVs utilization.

scholarly journals Design Smart Grid Hybrid in Faculty of Engineering Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta

2021 ◽  
Vol 2111 (1) ◽  
pp. 012003
Author(s):  
Muhamad Ali ◽  
BT Djoko Laras ◽  
Muhfizaturrahmah ◽  
PS Deny
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Grid System ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Renewable Power ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Smart Grid System

Abstract The Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta (UNY), as one of the educational institutions in Engineering, still uses electrical energy from PT PLN, mainly generated from steam and gas power plants. Dependence on fossil energy can be reduced by utilizing renewable power plants, both solar and wind. For this reason, it is necessary to study the use of a Smart Grid system that can regulate electricity needs by optimizing renewable power plants. The Smart Grid components consist of solar power plants, wind power plants, batteries, inverters, and grid power sources from PLN integrated into the Smart grid system. We have designed the Smart Grid system through field observations and data processing with the HOMER Pro software to obtain an optimal hybrid power generation system and wind turbine. The study results indicate that the Faculty of Engineering, UNY has excellent potential to develop smart grids. The potential for solar energy is 418.393 kWh/year, and wind energy is 2.78 kWh/year. The Smart grid system is sufficient to meet the electricity consumption of only 205.5 kWh/year.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis Methods in Smart Grids: An Overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
Surender Reddy Salkuti
Keyword(s):  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Smart Grid ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Storage Devices ◽  
Analysis Methods ◽  
Utility Companies ◽  
Tools And Techniques

This paper presents an overview of the performance analysis methods available for the Smart Grid (SG). Increased energy demand, volatile energy costs, uncertain power generation from the renewable energy resources (RERs), electric vehicles, and environmental concerns are coming together to change the nature of the traditional power grid. Many utility companies are now moving towards the smart metering and the Smart Grid solutions to address these challenges. Smart Grid is inclusive of advance tools, latest communication technologies and storage devices, which makes the Smart Grid vulnerable and complex. This paper aims to review the performance analysis of Smart Grid. It also presents various models of the Smart Grid performance indices. It presents the methods available for stability, reliability and resilience assessment in Smart Grid. It also describes the implementation approach using the real time tools and techniques.

CFD Simulation of Passive Auto-Catalytic Recombiner Operational Behaviour

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kelm ◽  
W. Jahn ◽  
E.-A. Reinecke ◽  
J. Baggemann ◽  
H.-J. Allelein
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Kinetics ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Severe Accident ◽  
Research Network ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Operational Behaviour

In order to mitigate the impact of a possible hydrogen combustion and to avoid containment failure, passive auto-catalytic recombiners (PAR) are used for hydrogen removal in an increasing number of European nuclear power plants. Hydrogen and oxygen react exothermally even below conventional flammability limits on the catalytic surfaces inside a PAR generating steam and heat. Modelling of the operational behaviour of PAR is one part of development issues in order to achieve reliable predictions of local atmosphere conditions. International research activities, e.g. in the European FP-6/FP-7 Network of Excellence SARNET (Severe Accident Research NETwork), investigate these aspects. At Forschungszentrum Ju¨lich, two strategies are pursued. First, the detailed evaluation of the reaction kinetics and heat and mass transport phenomena on a single catalyst element is performed by a direct implementation of the transport and kinetic approaches in ANSYS CFX-11. Second, in order to model the interaction of PAR with the containment, REKO-DIREKT, a detailed user model of the relevant processes inside a PAR based on Fortran 90 will be implemented in CFX. At present, validation against the available experimental database is performed. The validity of the numerical models strongly depends on the experimental data available. For this purpose, detailed experiments are performed at Ju¨lich. In the small-scale test facility REKO-3, representing a recombiner section, detailed investigations of the reaction kinetics under well-defined and steady-state conditions have been performed. In co-operation with RWTH Aachen University, a new test vessel REKO-4 is currently under preparation for testing PAR behaviour under natural convection conditions. It will provide various possibilities for instrumentation to measure temperatures and gas compositions and in particular it will be equipped with particle image velocimetry (PIV) for measuring the flow field around the PAR.

scholarly journals Day-Ahead Forecasting for Small-Scale Photovoltaic Power Based on Similar Day Detection with Selective Weather Variables

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1117
Author(s):  
Shree Krishna Acharya ◽  
Young-Min Wi ◽  
Jaehee Lee
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grids ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Weather Variables ◽  
Forecasting Method ◽  
Pv Generation ◽  
Similar Day

As photovoltaic (PV) power plants are an essential component of modern smart grids, the PV generation forecasting of such plants has recently been gaining interest. The forecasting results of PV power often suffer from large errors because of unusual weather conditions. In a learning-based forecasting model, the forecasting accuracy can be enhanced by using carefully selected data for training rather than all the data without any screening. That is, using a training set that only contains information obtained from similar days can help enhance the accuracy of learning-based PV forecasting. This paper proposes a forecasting method for small-scale PV generation. This method is based on long short-term memory; further, it detects similar days considering the different impacts of weather variables on PV power according to the day. This method can address issues caused by unnecessary learning from non-similar historical days. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method exhibits better performance than do existing similar day detection methods.

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