ПРОБЛЕМИ УПРАВЛІННЯ В СИСТЕМАХ SMART GRID УНІВЕРСИТЕТСЬКОГО ХАБА ЕНЕРГОЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ

The article attempts to tackle the issues of enhancing the performance of university energy efficiency management systems. An emphasis is put that in modern realia, alternative and renewable energy sources are becoming increasingly important in the electric power sector, thus contributing to environmental protection and enabling active electricity consumers to have their own sources of energy generation. However, it is observed that the relationships between energy generation sources and electricity consumers are complicated by new demands for setting balancing modes due to certain volatility of energy generation by alternative sources as well as the need to connect additional energy storage facilities. To identify opportunities of using Smart Grid technologies to manage the University energy consumption, a power balance equation was used to determine an active power balance between generated power, generation sources and power consumed by electricity consumers. In addition, the indicators of the total active power loss in the electrical network associated with the technological consumption of energy for its transmission was included into this equation. The study presents the results of an in-depth critical analysis on Smart Grid methodology and provides argument for the relevance of using artificial intelligence techniques in Smart Grid management systems of the University energy efficiency hub, along with suggesting a notion of electricity generating consumer in the concept of intelligent networks with two-way flow of energy and information as subsystems of a different nature. It is argued that the developed conceptual model of the electricity generating consumer for multilevel smart grid management systems and their infrastructure within the University energy efficiency hub allows establishing relationships between its structural elements and objects of different character. The findings reveal that the specifics of the developed method in setting priorities and regulatory standards for optimal management by a generating consumer within the University energy efficiency hub is the possibility of its automatic adaptation to changes in the external environment subject to interactions between electricity generating consumers.

Blockchain Applications in the Energy Industry

The current energy transition from a fossil-fuel-based economy to a zero-carbon has significantly accelerated in recent years, as the largest emitters have committed to achieving carbon-neutral goals in the next 20-30 years. The energy industry transition is characterized by modernization through digital technologies, increased renewable energy generation, and environmental sustainability. Blockchain technology can play a significant role in providing secure digital distributed platforms facilitating digitization, decarbonization, and decentralization of the energy systems. Several promising blockchain applications in the energy sector are under research and development, including peer-to-peer energy trading; carbon monitoring, management, and trading; and IoT-enabled electric grid management. However, several challenges are slowing down the commercialization of these applications, including outdated legislation and regulations, slow pace of adaptation from the traditional energy industry, and risks associated with the new, untested technology.

Survey on Blockchain for Smart Grid Management, Control, and Operation

Power generation, distribution, transmission, and consumption face ongoing challenges such as smart grid management, control, and operation, resulting from high energy demand, the diversity of energy sources, and environmental or regulatory issues. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of blockchain-based solutions for smart grid management, control, and operations. We systematically summarize existing work on the use and implementation of blockchain technology in various smart grid domains. The paper compares related reviews and highlights the challenges in the management, control, and operation for a blockchain-based smart grid as well as future research directions in the five categories: collaboration among stakeholders; data analysis and data management; control of grid imbalances; decentralization of grid management and operations; and security and privacy. All these aspects have not been covered in previous reviews.

A Periodic Assessment System for Urban Safety and Security Considering Multiple Hazards Based on WebGIS

With the frequent occurrence of various disasters and accidents, realizing the periodic assessment and visualization of urban safety and security considering multiple hazards is of great significance for safe urban development. In this paper, a periodic assessment system is developed for urban safety and security considering multiple hazards, based on WebGIS. This system consists of an assessment module, a visualization module, and an assistant module that integrates the assessment model to process the assessment data quickly and realizes the visualization of a thematic map and data statistics for rationalizing assessment results. The assessment of a typical urban area was carried out to prove that the created system can effectively conduct periodic assessments and support single-hazard and multi-hazard analysis and auxiliary decision-making. This system can be applied to the grid management and periodic assessment of urban areas at different levels, with high expansibility and application value. It can also help to promote the sustainable construction of a safe and smart city.

Energy flexible commercial buildings and the electricity grid

<p>New Zealand’s energy and electricity system is likely to undergo serious changes with climate change and the decarbonisation of the grid playing a significant role. Research in New Zealand around flexibly managing the electricity grid using buildings has focused on thermoelectric appliances in the residential sector while there has been limited research and quantification of the energy flexibility offered by commercial buildings. Despite this, managing the grid using energy flexible commercial buildings represents an opportunity to achieve meaningful reductions in electricity demand from buildings that are far less numerous than residential buildings. The aim of this thesis was to establish whether energy flexible commercial buildings in New Zealand can maintain the current quality of indoor thermal comfort and achieve reductions in demand that are sufficiently large that grid operators consider them significant contributors to grid management. By understanding the contribution, we can understand whether energy flexible commercial buildings are worth further investigation. In this thesis, energy flexibility means the ability for a building to manage its demand and generation according to user needs, grid needs, and local climate conditions. Energy flexibility in commercial buildings could then support the integration of more variable renewable energy sources and increase demand response capability which is a cost-effective way to manage network constraints and reduce non-renewable electricity generation. Case studies of New Zealand commercial buildings represented as Building Energy Models (BEMs) were simulated under energy flexible operation in a building performance simulation software (EnergyPlus). The selected case studies were small commercial buildings less than 1,499m² in size and which all contained heat pumps. The buildings were of office, retail, and mixed-use types. Two simple energy flexibility strategies were simulated in the buildings and the results from each building were then aggregated and extrapolated across the New Zealand commercial building stock. The strategies simply shifted and shed heating electricity demand. This was done to test whether implementing basic energy flexibility strategies have the potential to reduce electricity demand by a meaningful magnitude. At best the commercial building stock’s peak demand could reduce by 177MW by energy flexibly operating 45% of the commercial building stock, this was equivalent to around 11,700 buildings. In this scenario heating was shifted to start 150 minutes earlier in the morning. The study concluded that there is energy flexibility potential in New Zealand commercial buildings that results in demand reductions sufficiently large enough for grid operators to consider significant for grid management. This could be achieved without seriously jeopardising the current quality of indoor thermal comfort and warrants further investigation into energy flexible commercial buildings. This thesis also presented a refined methodology and energy modelling practice that could be used by other researchers to model and evaluate energy flexible buildings without the need to recreate the same methodology.</p>

Energy flexible commercial buildings and the electricity grid

<p>New Zealand’s energy and electricity system is likely to undergo serious changes with climate change and the decarbonisation of the grid playing a significant role. Research in New Zealand around flexibly managing the electricity grid using buildings has focused on thermoelectric appliances in the residential sector while there has been limited research and quantification of the energy flexibility offered by commercial buildings. Despite this, managing the grid using energy flexible commercial buildings represents an opportunity to achieve meaningful reductions in electricity demand from buildings that are far less numerous than residential buildings. The aim of this thesis was to establish whether energy flexible commercial buildings in New Zealand can maintain the current quality of indoor thermal comfort and achieve reductions in demand that are sufficiently large that grid operators consider them significant contributors to grid management. By understanding the contribution, we can understand whether energy flexible commercial buildings are worth further investigation. In this thesis, energy flexibility means the ability for a building to manage its demand and generation according to user needs, grid needs, and local climate conditions. Energy flexibility in commercial buildings could then support the integration of more variable renewable energy sources and increase demand response capability which is a cost-effective way to manage network constraints and reduce non-renewable electricity generation. Case studies of New Zealand commercial buildings represented as Building Energy Models (BEMs) were simulated under energy flexible operation in a building performance simulation software (EnergyPlus). The selected case studies were small commercial buildings less than 1,499m² in size and which all contained heat pumps. The buildings were of office, retail, and mixed-use types. Two simple energy flexibility strategies were simulated in the buildings and the results from each building were then aggregated and extrapolated across the New Zealand commercial building stock. The strategies simply shifted and shed heating electricity demand. This was done to test whether implementing basic energy flexibility strategies have the potential to reduce electricity demand by a meaningful magnitude. At best the commercial building stock’s peak demand could reduce by 177MW by energy flexibly operating 45% of the commercial building stock, this was equivalent to around 11,700 buildings. In this scenario heating was shifted to start 150 minutes earlier in the morning. The study concluded that there is energy flexibility potential in New Zealand commercial buildings that results in demand reductions sufficiently large enough for grid operators to consider significant for grid management. This could be achieved without seriously jeopardising the current quality of indoor thermal comfort and warrants further investigation into energy flexible commercial buildings. This thesis also presented a refined methodology and energy modelling practice that could be used by other researchers to model and evaluate energy flexible buildings without the need to recreate the same methodology.</p>

Fractional order differential calculus applied on decision making system to smart grid management via decision trees

This article portrays the relationship between fractional order differential calculus and the computational intelligence method, applying it to the improvement of intelligent systems. The Kirchhoff Laws, represented by second order differential equations, were solved via non-integer order differential calculus. The results obtained were used in the implementation of decision trees, which allowed the decision rules to be incorporated into the controllers. The results obtained by mathematical modeling did magnify the information extracted from Kirchhoff's Laws. Due to the gain magnitude of this information, the decision trees were obtained with greater precision and accuracy. In this way, it was achieved to build a hybrid system capable of being used in the development of controllers automata that has the lower response time and highest efficiency.

Solar Radiation Prediction Using a Novel Hybrid Model of ARMA and NARX

The prediction of solar radiation has a significant role in several fields such as photovoltaic (PV) power production and micro grid management. The interest in solar radiation prediction is increasing nowadays so efficient prediction can greatly improve the performance of these different applications. This paper presents a novel solar radiation prediction approach which combines two models, the Auto Regressive Moving Average (ARMA) and the Nonlinear Auto Regressive with eXogenous input (NARX). This choice has been carried out in order to take the advantages of both models to produce better prediction results. The performance of the proposed hybrid model has been validated using a real database corresponding to a company located in Barcelona north. Simulation results have proven the effectiveness of this hybrid model to predict the weekly solar radiation averages. The ARMA model is suitable for small variations of solar radiation while the NARX model is appropriate for large solar radiation fluctuations.

Refining Community Grid Management in Medium/High-Risk Regions when SARS-COV-2 Delta Variant Attack in Yangzhou: A Qualitative Study

Background: Community grid management has been proved to be effective in the outbreak, but previous studies have all been carried out in China's first-tier cities, while Yangzhou, as a second-tier city, seemed to have deficiencies in epidemic control. The aim of this research was to understand the experiences and feelings of residents and social workers in the grid, so as to develop more detailed community grid management strategies in the context of mandatory quarantine.Methods: Qualitative research was conducted with 21 residents and 10 social workers based on a semi-structured qualitative interview guide. Thematic analysis was employed to analysed data.Results: The outbreak has put pressure on both residents and social workers, and the implementation of community grid management has revealed many deficiencies, such as quarantine strategies, human resource management, material supply and information transmission. As the four overarching themes identified from the analysis: “inadequate quarantine strategies may create greater risks”, “human resource management in the grid is considered lagging”, “duplicate/missing information” and “another way to meet daily needs. Conclusions: This study used the perspective of residents and social workers within the grid to help explained why there was still confusion in the seemingly tight management. Analysed the quarantine strategy, human resources management, supply chain and information technology. Flexible and responsive community grid management was conducive to reducing the risk of transmission and economic losses.