Colombian Crude Export System Begins Full Operation

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken M. Topolinsky ◽  
German D. Ordoñez R.
Keyword(s):  
North Coast ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Diameter Pipe ◽  
Oil Export ◽  
Export System ◽  
Full Operation

Shipments began in October 1997 along Oleoducto Central S.A (OCENSA), the 837 km oil export system, consisting of 406, 762 and 914 mm (16”, 30” and 36”) diameter pipe, from eastern Colombia to the country’s north coast on the Carribean Sea. Start-up follows the completion of a phased construction program which began in 1993–94 and ended in September 1997. The system transports production from the Cusiana / Cupiagua oilfields, and several adjacent smaller production fields in the eastern foothills of the Andes to an offshore terminal loading unit 11 km offshore. The authors provide an operating overview of this system designed to handle some 88,410 m3/d (556 kbd) and some of its operating challenges.

The earliest adobe monumental architecture in the Americas

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (48) ◽  
pp. e2102941118
Author(s):  
Ana Cecilia Mauricio ◽  
Rolf Grieseler ◽  
Andrew R. Heller ◽  
Alice R. Kelley ◽  
Francisco Rumiche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colonial Period ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Monumental Architecture ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Ancient City ◽  
Mud Bricks ◽  
Unique Composition ◽  
North Coast Of Peru

Adobe bricks, or mud bricks, are construction elements which have defined major architectural traditions in the Andes over thousands of years. From Moche pyramids and the ancient city of Chan Chan in pre-Hispanic times, to Spanish casonas of the colonial period and rural houses in contemporary South America, adobe has been a central component in Andean architecture. Discovery of the remains of an early monumental building constructed primarily of adobes at Los Morteros (lower Chao Valley, north coast of Peru) places the invention of adobe architecture before 5,100 calendar years B.P. The unique composition, internal structure, and chronology of the adobes from Los Morteros show the beginnings of this architectural technique, which is associated with El Niño rainfall and the construction of the earliest adobe monumental building in the Americas. We propose that adobe architecture became a major Andean tradition after a long period of technical evolution and experimentation with both shape and composition.

scholarly journals Early specialized maritime and maize economies on the north coast of Peru

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (51) ◽  
pp. 32308-32319
Author(s):  
Tiffiny A. Tung ◽  
Tom D. Dillehay ◽  
Robert S. Feranec ◽  
Larisa R. G. DeSantis
Keyword(s):  
North Coast ◽  
Dental Microwear ◽  
The North ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Childhood Diet ◽  
Regular Consumption ◽  
Dental Microwear Texture Analysis ◽  
Economic Specialization ◽  
Staple Crop ◽  
North Coast Of Peru

We assess diet and economies of middle Holocene (∼7,500 to 4,000 calibrated [cal] B.P.) humans at coexisting mound sites (Huaca Prieta and Paredones) in north coastal Peru and document regular consumption of maize by ∼6,500 to 6,000 cal B.P. and its earliest use as a staple food in this area of the Andes between 5,000 and 4,500 cal B.P. Stable isotope data from enamel carbonates and dentin collagen (childhood diet) and dental microwear texture analysis (adult diet) demonstrate dietary and economic specialization. Previous studies revealed maize and mixed-food refuse at both sites, but this study documents actual food consumption, showing that these communities situated a few hundred meters apart had significantly distinct diets in childhood and adulthood. Huaca Prieta focused on marine resources, although there are some contributions from terrestrial meat. Paredones individuals primarily consumed maize during childhood (up to 70% of the juvenile diet), as shown by δ13C values, apatite-collagen spacing, and discriminant analysis of δ13Ccoll, δ13Ccarb, and δ15N values. Maize was likely used as a weaning food (e.g., gruel and/orchicha—a maize beverage), hinting at the significant role of breastfeeding mothers, weanling infants, and children in the development of maize as a staple crop. Additionally, dental microwear data show Paredones adult diets are high in abrasives, potentially from maize processing. The distinct foodways at these neighboring sites result from and also reflect their social and political distinctions. These differences in food production, distribution, and consumption generated opportunities for exchange, an interaction that bound them together in mutual benefit.

scholarly journals Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation: From Laboratory to Full-Scale Application

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shou-Qing Ni ◽  
Jian Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Enrichment Culture ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
The Other ◽  
Anammox Bacteria ◽  
Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Fast Start ◽  
Full Operation

From discovery in the early 1990s to completion of full-scale anammox reactor, it took almost two decades to uncover the secret veil of anammox bacteria. There were three milestones during the commercialization of anammox: the development of the first enrichment culture medium, the completion of the first commercial anammox reactor, and the fast start-up of full-scale anammox plant. Till now, the culture of anammox bacteria experienced a big progress through two general strategies: (a) to start up a reactor from scratch and (b) to seed the reactor with enriched anammox sludge. The first full-scale anammox reactor took 3.5 years to realize full operation using the first approach due to several reasons besides the lack of anammox sludge. On the other hand, the first Asian anammox reactor started up in two months, thanks to the availability of anammox seed. Along with the implementation of anammox plants, anammox eventually becomes the priority choice for ammonium wastewater treatment.

The Roncador P52 Oil Export System - Hybrid Riser at a 1800m Water Depth

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Edward Roveri ◽  
Adolfo Guilherme Velten Filho ◽  
Vinicius Costa Mello ◽  
Luciano Faria Marques
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Oil Export ◽  
Export System

Andean Statecraft before the Incas

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry Moore
Keyword(s):  
Local Development ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
The North ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Inca Empire ◽  
Andean Highlands ◽  
North Coast Of Peru

This chapter presents an overview of pre-Inca states in the Andes, describing patterns of statecraft that came before the Inca Empire. The earliest evidence for Andean urbanism and statecraft appeared on the north coast of Peru, where Mochica polities built on earlier processes. A period of local development followed the disintegration of Mochica states, and the Chimú Empire spread across parts of the region in the centuries before Inca incorporation. In the Andean highlands, the Wari and Tiwanaku empires developed their own urban centers and extended administrative centers and enclaves into other highland areas. As archaeologists explore the pre-Inca Andean states more intensively, focusing more attention on peripheral and non-elite contexts, it is clear that these societies used distinct strategies to integrate their core regions and to extend their power more widely.

East Africa oil export plans make way for showdown

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Feasibility Study ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Final Destination ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Oil Export ◽  
Export System

Significance The announcement comes after the feasibility study by Toyota Tsusho reportedly concluded that a cross-border oil export pipeline appears economically viable, favouring Lamu as the final destination. However, low oil prices, a slowed exploration rate in Kenya and political barriers raise questions on how development of the region's oil finds can be made economically sound for the companies involved. Impacts South Sudan's inclusion in a regional export system is likely to be suspended until conflict subsides. Production of its higher quality Nile Blend oil from Unity State fields will remain shut for the foreseeable future. The fixed per barrel rate to Sudan, including extra to compensate for the loss of fields after secession, will be renegotiated in 2016.

The Archaeology of Dual Organization in Andean South America: A Theoretical Review and Case Study

1995 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry D. Moore
Keyword(s):  
North Coast ◽  
South American ◽  
Major Theme ◽  
Political Organizations ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Ethnographic Studies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Andean South America ◽  
The Relationship

The concept of dualism has become a major theme in archaeological, ethnohistoric, and ethnographic studies of native South American societies. This article reviews use of the concept by archaeologists and ethnohistorians in the Andes, and considers an ethnohistoric and archaeological case from the Nepeña Valley of the Peruvian North Coast. The review shows that various ideas have been described by the terms “dualism” or “dual organization,” and that archaeologists have interpreted paired sets of remains as the material expressions of dualism. The Nepeña Valley data document a paradoxical case in which the power of local lords, who shared rule, was based on dual organizations, and yet the settlement pattern is clearly hierarchical. This suggests that although dual principles may have formed the social syntax of authority, political power—particularly access to labor—was asymmetric, suggesting, in turn, the need to reconsider the relationship between material remains and complex social principles such as dualism in archaeological approaches to prehistoric social and political organizations.

Narrative of a Journey from Lima to Para, Across the Andes and Down the Amazon

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Smyth ◽  
Frederick Lowe
Keyword(s):  
The Andes
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document