scholarly journals Full Flow High Pressure Hot Taps: The New Technology and Why It’s Indispensable to Industry

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. McElligott ◽  
Joe Delanty ◽  
Burke Delanty
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
The North ◽  
System Integrity ◽  
Pressure Pipeline ◽  
High Pressure Pipeline

The connection of a new pipeline lateral or loop to an existing high pressure pipeline system has always been fraught with high costs and the potential for major system impacts. Pipeline owners and operators have historically had to choose between a traditional cold connection with its high associated costs and a less expensive but more mysterious hot tap. Although the cost savings of a hot tap have always been considerable, they were not always sufficient to justify the risk of complications during the branch weld or hot tap or during the subsequent operation of the system. Despite their extraordinary costs and throughput impacts, the perceived certainties of cold connections were often sufficient to justify their regular use. The recent Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change has resulted in new commitments by the world’s governments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. For the North American gas industry, these initiatives could result in voluntary compliance objectives, incentive based programs or legislated reforms — any of which will have significant impacts on current practices. TransCanada PipeLines Limited (TransCanada) has successfully managed the risk/reward conundrum and completed more than 700 large diameter (NPS 12 to NPS 30) horizontal high pressure hot taps without incident since 1960. TCPL’s research and development work has enabled it to refine its procedures to the point where it can now complete branch welding and hot tapping work with minimal effects on throughput, negligible emissions and no system integrity impacts. For TransCanada, the direct advantages of a hot tap over a cold connection have resulted in the avoidance of gross revenue losses of $1 million or more per hot tap, no environmental emissions, seamless service and no impacts whatsoever to shippers. TransCanada PipeLines Services Ltd. (TPSL) has further streamlined the supporting field procedures and now provides a complete turn key service to industry.

scholarly journals Fracture Behaviour and Defect Evaluation of Large Diameter, HSLA Steels, Very High Pressure Linepipes

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Demofonti ◽  
G. Mannucci ◽  
L. Barsanti ◽  
C. M. Spinelli ◽  
H. G. Hillenbrand
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fracture Behaviour ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Pressure Pipeline ◽  
On Line ◽  
High Pressure Pipeline ◽  
Very High

Actually, the increase in natural gas needs in the European market, foreseen for the beginning of the next century, compels to develop new solutions for the exploitation of gas fields in remote areas. For natural gas transportation over long distances the hypothesis of a large diameter high-pressure pipeline, up to 150 bar (doubling of the actual one) has been found economically attractive, resulting in significant reduction of the transportation cost of the hydrocarbon. In this contest the interest amongst gas companies in the possible applications of high-grade steels (up to API X100) is growing. A research program, partially financed by E.C.S.C. (European Community for Coal and Steel), by a joint co-operation among Centro Sviluppo Materiali (CSM), S.N.A.M. and Europipe in order to investigate the fracture behaviour of large diameter, API X100 grade pipes at very high pressure (up to 150 bar) has been carried out. This paper presents: the current status of technology of API X100 steel with respect to the combination of chemical composition, rolling variables and mechanical properties the results obtained from West Jefferson tests, in order to confirm the ductile-brittle transition behaviour stated from laboratory tests (DWTT), the results obtained concerning the control of long shear propagating fracture and in particular the results of a full scale crack propagation test on line operating at very high hoop stress (470 MPa). Besides, in order to investigate the defect tolerance behaviour of the pipe with respect to axial surface defect, burst tests with water as pressurising medium have been carried out and the relative results are presented and discussed.

Welding Stress Numerical Simulation and Analysis of High-Pressure Pipeline

2014 ◽  
Vol 912-914 ◽  
pp. 890-894
Author(s):  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Jin Zhou Zhang ◽  
Xiao Ming Li
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
Source Model ◽  
Heat Source Model ◽  
Welding Stress ◽  
Welding Temperature ◽  
Welding Arc ◽  
Pressure Pipeline ◽  
Pipeline Welding ◽  
High Pressure Pipeline

Welded stress has an important impact on quality and life of of high-pressure pipeline. Based on pipeline material performance, considered welding arc force and its mining action, selected double ellipsoidal heat source model, simulated welding process of of high-pressure pipeline, analysised welding temperature field and stress field, determined the distribution disciplines of welding stress, provides useful help on exploring the disciplines of pipeline welding.

Geotechincal Assessment for Mitigation of a High-Pressure Pipeline Across Active Landslides: Design of a Directional Bore in Southern California

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher S. Hitchcock ◽  
Richard W. Gailing ◽  
Scott C. Lindvall
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Slope Failure ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Directional Drilling ◽  
Mitigation Options ◽  
Active Portion ◽  
Pressure Pipeline ◽  
Efficient Alternative ◽  
High Pressure Pipeline ◽  
Alternative Routes

Landslides are often a hazard to high-pressure gas transmission pipelines operating in hilly and mountainous terrain. Typical mitigation options include pipeline rerouting or removing the landslide from the pipeline, if possible. When rerouting or hazard removal is not a viable option due to terrain conditions or the size of the landslide loading the pipeline, directional bores can be used to place the pipeline beneath the active portion of the slope failure. As part of our study of the geotechnical viability of mitigation options for a pipeline impacted by coastal landslides, rerouting and landslide mitigation alternatives were fully investigated. Geologic interpretation of high-resolution, publicly available IfSAR and privately-flown LiDAR data were used to evaluate alternative routes around active and potentially active landslides. Geotechnical borings through the landslides ultimately provided sufficient information supporting directional drilling beneath the active landslides as the most efficient alternative, returning the pipeline to full service.

Reliability Based Design Optimisation of a “No Burst” High Pressure Pipeline

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Stewart ◽  
Caroline Roberts ◽  
Ian Matheson ◽  
Malcolm Carr
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Structural Reliability ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Extreme Value Distributions ◽  
Reliability Based Design ◽  
Pressure Pipeline ◽  
Pipeline Wall ◽  
High Pressure Pipeline ◽  
Pipeline Design

The design philosophy of a pressure-protected subsea pipeline is intimately linked to the reliability of the Pressure Protection System (PPS) and to the probability of burst of the pipeline if it is exposed to full wellhead shut-in pressure. A reliability based design approach is presented that allows the pipeline wall thickness (and cost) to be reduced under the philosophy that the pipeline will “not burst” in the event of PPS failure. This paper describes how uncertainties in the pipeline design parameters may be initially modelled statistically to allow structural reliability techniques to be adopted at the design stage (before the pipe is manufactured). It further addresses how correlation of these parameters can be included and their extreme value distributions developed, which is particularly relevant as the length of the tieback increases. A method to incorporate inspection inaccuracy is also presented. The initial estimates of the design parameters necessarily err on the conservative side. These can be later updated when manufacturing data is available.

Modelling of Fluid Dynamics Interacting With Ductile Fraction Propagation in High Pressure Pipeline

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Popescu ◽  
W. Shyy
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Time Discretization ◽  
Pressure Profile ◽  
Choked Flow ◽  
Pressure Pipeline ◽  
Crack Dynamics ◽  
High Pressure Pipeline

This paper presents a computational model for describing the behavior of the fluid dynamics in a fractured ductile pipe under high pressure. The pressure profile in front of the crack tip, which is the main source of the crack driving source, is computed by using nonlinear wave equation. The solution is coupled with one dimensional gas flow analysis behind the crack, choked flow. The simulation utilizes a high order optimized prefactored compact–finite volume method for space discretization, and low dispersion and dissipation Runge-Kutta for time discretization. As the pipe fractures the rapid depressurization take place inside the pipe and the propagation of the crack induce waves which strongly influence the nature of the outflow dynamics. Consistent with the experimental observation, the model predicts the expansion wave inside the pipe, and the reflection and outflow of the wave. The model also helps characterize the propagation of the crack dynamics and fluid flows around the tip of the crack.

scholarly journals High Pressure Gas Pipelines: Trends for the New Millennium

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Mohitpour ◽  
Trent van Egmond ◽  
W. L. Wright
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Maximum Flow ◽  
Transport Cost ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Technical Developments ◽  
High Pressure Pipeline

The end of the 20th century has seen some major developments to the business of pipelines worldwide. In North America and Europe the trend has been toward deregulation of the industry. In other markets the trend has been toward the use of fixed transport cost contracts between shippers and the pipeline company. The net effect of these changes is increased competition in the transport of energy with the resulting requirement to provide the lowest cost of transport. At the same time pipelines need to maintain the traditionally high levels of safety and reliability that customers, the public and regulators have been accustomed to. The pipeline industry has responded to the challenge to reduce costs on a number of fronts. These include the areas of contracting, financing, planning, regulation, market development, and technical developments as well as many other areas. This paper will focus on technical developments that have allowed pipeline companies to reduce the cost of moving large volumes of natural gas at high pressures. Progress that the industry has made in the areas of capital cost reduction will be illustrated by an example of high pressure pipeline design. Capital costs will be compared for five system design pressures that all result in the same maximum flow rate. The optimum high-grade steel will be chosen for each pressure. This will also be compared to costs for using Composite Reinforced Line Pipe (CRLP) a new technology for the pipeline industry.

Gas-Coupled Ultrasonics for High-Pressure Pipeline Inspection

1998 ◽  
pp. 575-580
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Fortunko ◽  
Raymond E. Schramm ◽  
Jerry L. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Pipeline Inspection ◽  
Pressure Pipeline ◽  
High Pressure Pipeline
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