Pipeline Dent Management Program

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott D. Ironside ◽  
L. Blair Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
The Past

Enbridge Pipelines Inc. operates the world’s longest and most complex liquids pipeline network. As part of Enbridge’s Integrity Management Program In-Line Inspections have been and will continue to be conducted on more than 15,000 km of pipeline. The Inspection Programs have included using the most technologically advanced geometry tools in the world to detect geometrical discontinuities such as ovality, dents, and buckles. During the past number of years, Enbridge Pipelines Inc. has been involved in developing a method of evaluating the suitability of dents in pipelines for continued service. The majority of the work involved the development of a method of modeling the stresses within a dent using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The development and validation of this model was completed by Fleet Technology Limited (FTL) through several projects sponsored by Enbridge, which included field trials and comparisons to previously published data. This model combined with proven fracture mechanics theory provides a method of determining a predicted life of a dent based on either the past or future operating conditions of the pipeline. CSA Standard Z662 – Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems provides criteria for the acceptability of dents for continued service. There have been occurrences, however, where dents that meet the CSA acceptability criteria have experienced failure. The dent model is being used to help define shape characteristics in addition to dent depth, the only shape factor considered by CSA, which contribute to dent failure. The dent model has also been utilized to validate the accuracy of current In-Line Inspection techniques. Typically a dent will lose some of its shape as the overburden is lifted from the pipeline and after the indentor is removed. Often there can be a dramatic “re-rounding” that will occur. The work included comparing the re-rounded dent shapes from a Finite Element model simulating the removal of the constraint on the pipe to the measured dent profile from a mold of the dent taken in the field after it has been excavated. This provided a measure of the accuracy of the tool. This paper will provide an overview of Enbridge’s dent management program, a description of the dent selection process for the excavation program, and a detailed review of the ILI validation work.

Incorporating Neural Network Material Models Within Finite Element Analysis for Rheological Behavior Prediction

2006 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Scott Kessler ◽  
A. Sherif El-Gizawy ◽  
Douglas E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Behavior Prediction ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Material Models ◽  
Rheological Models ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Novel Method

The accuracy of a finite element model for design and analysis of a metal forging operation is limited by the incorporated material model’s ability to predict deformation behavior over a wide range of operating conditions. Current rheological models prove deficient in several respects due to the difficulty in establishing complicated relations between many parameters. More recently, artificial neural networks (ANN) have been suggested as an effective means to overcome these difficulties. To this end, a robust ANN with the ability to determine flow stresses based on strain, strain rate, and temperature is developed and linked with finite element code. Comparisons of this novel method with conventional means are carried out to demonstrate the advantages of this approach.

Finite Element Analysis of Structural Strength of Concrete Mixing Truck’s Frame

2014 ◽  
Vol 945-949 ◽  
pp. 1143-1149
Author(s):  
Hai Xia Sun ◽  
Hua Kai Wei ◽  
Xiao Fang Zhao ◽  
Jia Rui Qi
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Finite Element Model ◽  
Structural Strength ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Basic Element ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Frame Structure ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
The Finite Element Model

The finite element model of the concrete mixing truck’s frame is builded by using shell as basic element, and the process of building the finite element model of the balance suspension is introduced in detail. Based on this, frame’s stress on five types of typical operating conditions are calculated by using the finite element analysis software, NASTRAN, and results can show the dangerous position and the maximum stress position on the frame. The analysis result on structural strength can provide the basis for further improving the frame structure.

A Virtual Model for Aluminum Hot Forging Using an Artificial Neural Network Material Model Within Finite Element Analysis

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Scott Kessler ◽  
A. Sherif El-Gizawy
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Hot Forging ◽  
Material Model ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Preliminary Model ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Artificial Neural

The accuracy of a finite element model for design and analysis of a metal forging operation is limited by the incorporated material model’s ability to predict deformation behavior over a wide range of operating conditions. Current rheological models prove deficient in several respects due to the difficulty in establishing complicated relations between many parameters. More recently, artificial neural networks (ANN) have been suggested as an effective means to overcome these difficulties. In the present work, a previously developed ANN with the ability to determine flow stresses based on strain, strain rate, and temperature is incorporated with finite element code. Utilizing this linked approach, a preliminary model for forging an aluminum wheel is developed. This novel method, along with a conventional approach, is then measured against the forging process as it is currently performed in actual production.

Modal Reduction Technique for Predicting the Onset of Chaotic Behavior due to Lateral Vibrations in Drillstrings

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathira Mongkolcheep ◽  
Annie Ruimi ◽  
Alan Palazzolo
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Chaotic Behavior ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Dynamical Analysis ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
Element Formulation ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Lateral Vibrations

Drillstrings used for oil and gas exploration and extraction consist of a drillpipe (slender columns on the order of 3–5 km long), drill collars (DCs) (thick-walled large-diameter pipes), stabilizers (cylindrical elements with short sections and diameter near that of the borehole), and a rock-cutting tool that uses rotational energy to penetrate the soil. Several types of vibrations ensue from these motions and play a major role in added costs resulting from unforeseen events such as abandoning holes, replacing bits, and fishing severed bottom-hole assemblies (BHAs). It is thus of critical importance to understand, predict, and mitigate the severe vibrations experienced by drillstrings and BHA to optimize drilling time while lowering fuel consumption and related emissions of NOX and/or other pollutants. In this paper, we present a dynamical analysis of the behavior of drillstrings due to the violent lateral vibrations (LVs) DCs may experience as a result of rotating drillstrings. The behavior is represented by a system of two coupled nonlinear ordinary equations that are integrated numerically with a finite element analysis based on Timoshenko beam (TB) formulation combined to a modal condensation technique to reduce the computational time. Various nonlinear dynamical analysis tools, such as frequency spectrum, Poincaré maps, bifurcation diagrams, and Lyapunov exponents (LE), are used to characterizing the response. The DC section between two stabilizers is essentially modeled as a Jeffcott rotor with nonlinearity effects included. The model builds on two earlier models for the finite element formulation and the treatment of chaotic vibrations. Nonlinearity appears in the form of drillstring/borehole contact force, friction, and quadratic damping. The DC flexibility is included to allow investigation of bending modes. The analysis takes into account the length of time to steady state, number of subintervals, presence of rigid body modes, number of finite elements, and modal coordinates. Simulations results indicate that by varying operating conditions, a spectrum of behaviors from periodic to chaotic may be observed.

Investigation of Broken Cut Spikes on Elastic Fastener Tie Plates Using an Integrated Simulation Method

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin Gao ◽  
Mike McHenry ◽  
Brad Kerchof
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Integrated Simulation ◽  
Multibody Model ◽  
Track System ◽  
High Degree

Cut spike fasteners, used with conventional AREMA rolled tie plates and solid sawn timber ties, are the most common tie and fastener system used on North American freight railroads. Cut spikes are also used to restrain tie plates that incorporate an elastic rail fastener — that is, an elastic clip that fastens the rail to the tie plate. Elastic fasteners have been shown to reduce gage widening and decrease the potential for rail roll compared to cut spike-only systems. For this reason, elastic fastener systems have been installed in high degree curves on many railroads. Recent observations on one Class I railroad have noted broken cut spikes when used with these types of tie plates in mountainous, high degree curve territory. Broken screw spikes and drive spikes on similar style plates have also been observed. In this paper, a simulation method that integrates a vehicle-track system dynamics model, NUCARS®, with a finite element analysis model is used to investigate the root causes of the broken spikes. The NUCARS model consists of a detailed multibody train, wheel-rail contact parameters, and track model that can estimate the dynamic loading environment of the fastening system. For operating conditions in tangent and curve track, this loading environment is then replicated in a finite element model of the track structure — ties, tie plates, and cut spikes. The stress contours of the cut spikes generated in these simulations are compared to how cut spikes have failed in revenue service. The tuning and characterization of both the vehicle dynamics multibody model and the finite element models are presented. Additionally, the application of this approach to other types of fastening systems and spike types is discussed. Preliminary results have identified a mechanism involving the dynamic unloading of the tie plate-to-tie interface due to rail uplift ahead of the wheel and the resulting transfer of net longitudinal and lateral forces into the cut spikes. Continued analysis will attempt to confirm this mechanism and will focus on the severity of these stresses, the effect of increased grade, longitudinal train dynamics, braking forces, and curvature.

Finite Element Analysis of Side-Load Springs for McPherson Front Suspensions

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Frendo ◽  
Vincenzo Sarra ◽  
Michele Spina
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Load Force ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Axis Orientation ◽  
Side Load ◽  
Thrust Axis ◽  
The Finite Element Analysis

In the present work, the operating conditions of “side-load” springs, which are typically employed in McPherson suspensions, were analysed by finite element analysis. The finite element model, including the spring and the upper and lower spring seats, is firstly described in the paper; the spring geometry was accurately obtained by a reverse engineering procedure based on two video cameras and a video projector. Surface to surface contact elements were defined between spring and seats; the initial assembling phase of the spring between the seats was also included in the finite element analysis. The experimental rig, employed for spring characterisation, and the performed numerical analyses are then presented; results are discussed in comparison with experimental data, in terms of spring characteristic, side-load force and thrust axis spatial position, as a function of spring compression. A fully satisfactory agreement was generally observed between numerical results and experiments. The effect of lower spring seat orientation on results was also investigated by numerical analysis. A higher inclination of the lower seat appeared to increase the side-load force; at the same time, for a given configuration, the thrust axis orientation, remained almost constant during suspension compression.

scholarly journals Finite element analysis of middle cervical spine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noushin Bahramshahi
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spinal Column ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Disc Bulge

The spinal cord may be injured through various spinal column injury patterns. However, the relationship between column injury pattern and cord damage is not well understood. This investigation was conducted to develop a detailed, asymmetric three-dimensional finite element model of the C3-C5 cervical spine. The model was validated by comparing the simulation results obtained in this study with experimental published data. Upon validation of the model, the spinal cord was included into the model the simulation were performed. The disc bulge in the model with spinal cord were measured and compared with the results of the model without spinal cord. The results showed that inclusion of the spinal cord reduced the amount of lateral disc bulged. The results of the analysis of the model with spinal cord showed that in compression, the anterior surface of spinal cord sees more displacement, stress and strain that posterior surface and vice versa for flexion/extension.

Full Scale Blasting Test and Finite Element Analysis of Nozzle Repair Pipeline

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Wu ◽  
Jian Shuai
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Axial Strain ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Nozzle Diameter ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Axial Deformation ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Oil And Gas Pipelines

Nozzle repair is one of the common repair methods for oil and gas pipelines. As a means to test the applicability of the pipeline, the pressure test is widely used in the integrity evaluation of oil and gas pipelines. To avoid possible failure accidents of nozzle repair pipeline, hydrostatic burst tests were performed. The finite element model of the pipeline was established. The effects of nozzle diameter and nozzle wall thickness parameters on the stress-strain response of the nozzle repair pipeline were discussed. The results show that the yield stress of the specimen is about 11.2MPa, and the blasting pressure is 12.9MPa. Due to the effect of nozzle structure, the change of strain for each point with the internal pressure is inconsistent. The ratio of axial strain to circumferential strain decreases with the increase of pressure, which shows that the yield mainly occurs in the hoop direction, and the axial deformation increases with the increase of the pressure. Under the condition of the_constant wall thickness, the stress distribution of pipeline is uniform and the yield pressure increases with the decrease of nozzle diameter. The smaller the nozzle diameter, the better the bearing capacity. The selection for the wall thickness of nozzle should be greater than or equal to the thickness of the pipe wall.

The Finite Element Analysis and Topology Optimization of Semi-Trailer Frame

2012 ◽  
Vol 424-425 ◽  
pp. 90-93
Author(s):  
Wei Chun Zhang ◽  
Xian Bin Du ◽  
Bing Bing Ma ◽  
Bao Hao Pei ◽  
Jie Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Topology Optimization ◽  
Static Analysis ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
And Topology ◽  
The Finite Element Analysis ◽  
The Finite Element Model

Create the finite element model of the frame in ANSYS, and then apply the corresponding boundary conditions and loads for static analysis under the two typical operating conditions of the bending and twisting. And then identify the part suffered a relatively bigger stress in the frame by analyzing the results to verify whether it meets the requirements of its strength. Finally, make a preliminary topology optimization for the frame

Incorporating Neural Network Material Models Within Finite Element Analysis for Rheological Behavior Prediction

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Scott Kessler ◽  
A. Sherif El-Gizawy ◽  
Douglas E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Behavior Prediction ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Material Models ◽  
Rheological Models ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Novel Method

The accuracy of a finite element model for design and analysis of a metal forging operation is limited by the incorporated material model’s ability to predict deformation behavior over a wide range of operating conditions. Current rheological models prove deficient in several respects due to the difficulty in establishing complicated relations between many parameters. More recently, artificial neural networks (ANN) have been suggested as an effective means to overcome these difficulties. To this end, a robust ANN with the ability to determine flow stresses based on strain, strain rate, and temperature is developed and linked with finite element code. Comparisons of this novel method with conventional means are carried out to demonstrate the advantages of this approach.

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