HFI Welded Steel Pipes for Low Temperature Pipelines

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Brauer ◽  
Manfred Veit ◽  
Michael Stiller ◽  
Lutz Grube ◽  
Frank Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Austenitic Steels ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Hydrogen Energy ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Pipe System

Due to an ever increasing endeavor for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions over the next few decades, with a gradually increasing demand for energy world-wide and despite a society which is becoming more and more civilized and industrialized, the actual challenge in handling this problem is intensified by decreasing sources of energy, a global economic recession as well as energy market instabilities. Replacing fossil energy sources such as oil with alternative energy concepts is at best difficult because of the high initial investment costs needed installing alternative energy concepts. As an answer to the problems faced, the industry offers several solutions ranging from advanced technologies with a high efficiency ratio such as fuel cell and hydrogen energy, up to and including alternative new or renewable energy sources such as solar, hydro and wind power. One of the major solutions for the transitional period to economical and reliable renewable energies is considered to be the use of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). To accommodate for these requirements, Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe has continuously developed highly sophisticated materials in the form of bainitic pipes for the transportation of gaseous or liquefied medium at ultra-low temperatures. In the first part of this presentation paper the process route as well as the material and pipe properties will be shown and explained. In cooperation with our construction partner Fernwaerme-Technik (FW), the bainitic pipes were used to construct a special multi-pipe system for the conveyance of liquefied natural gas (LNG) at a temperature of −162 °C. The pipe system as well as results from the field testing is presented below and tests have been conducted on this system for three years using liquid nitrogen. It can be shown, that not only the low temperature pipe material requirements for transportation of LNG are fulfilled, moreover it offers further potential as an alternative for the replacement of expensive austenitic steels applied at temperatures down to −196°C.

The Practical Application of Fracture Control to Natural Gas Pipelines

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Widenmaier ◽  
A. B. Rothwell
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Fracture Initiation ◽  
Opening Angle ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Design Factor ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines ◽  
Crack Tip Opening

The use of high strength, high design-factor pipe to transport natural gas requires the careful design and selection of pipeline materials. A primary material concern is the characterization and control of ductile fracture initiation and arrest. Impact toughness in the form of Charpy V-notch energies or drop-weight tear tests is usually specified in the design and purchase of line pipe in order to prevent large-scale fracture. While minimum values are prescribed in various codes, they may not offer sufficient protection in pipelines with high pressure, cold temperature, rich gas designs. The implications of the crack driving force arising from the gas decompression versus the resisting force of the pipe material and backfill are examined. The use and limitations of the Battelle two-curve method as the standard model are compared with new developments utilizing crack-tip opening angle and other techniques. The methodology and reasoning used to specify the material properties for line pipe are described and the inherent limits and risks are discussed. The applicability of Charpy energy to predict ductile arrest in high strength pipes (X80 and above) is examined.

Investigation of fatigue performance of low temperature alloys for liquefied natural gas storage tanks

2015 ◽  
Vol 229 (7) ◽  
pp. 1300-1314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong-Jin Oh ◽  
Jae-Myung Lee ◽  
Byeong-Jae Noh ◽  
Wha-Soo Kim ◽  
Ryuichi-Ando ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Fatigue Performance ◽  
Nickel Steel ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Operating Life

One of the most important issues associated with liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage tanks, such as LNG carrier cargo tanks and land LNG tanks, is their structural integrity. In order to ensure the operating life and safety of LNG storage tanks used under operating conditions such as thermal and cyclic loadings, the securing of safety evaluations for fatigue performance is considered to be of particular importance. There have been various efforts to reduce the production costs of LNG storage tanks, such as the optimum selection of materials and the development of new low temperature materials. This, the motivation of this study is to evaluate new material candidates for LNG storage tanks. This study begins with a comprehensive review of the characteristics of low temperature alloys such as SUS 304L, Invar, A5083 and 9% Ni steel that are widely used for LNG storage tanks. Then, the fatigue characteristics of a newly developed low temperature material, 7% nickel steel are investigated. Finally, the fatigue performance of 7% nickel steel is compared with that of 9% nickel steel.

scholarly journals Economic Profitability of a Hybrid Approach to Powering Residual Households from Natural Sources in Two Wind Zones of the Lubuskie Voivodeship in Poland

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 6869
Author(s):  
Piotr Kułyk ◽  
Łukasz Augustowski
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
Hybrid Energy ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Current Stage

The research was a response to the search for alternative energy sources and the assessment of their profitability and legitimacy of use. The assessment used combined energy sources in the form of wind, solar, and natural gas energy. The research was carried out in various locations with varying degrees of sunlight and in various wind zones, which was motivated by the adopted strategy of increasing the importance of non-conventional energy sources and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The evaluation was performed using the Homer Grid software. The studies showed the justification for the use of hybrid energy sources, combining renewable and non-renewable sources, at the current stage of development. In the conditions of the Lubuskie Voivodeship, the level of insolation was more important than the more favourable wind zone in such a model. Higher economic efficiency of the hybrid model was obtained in the southern location, with slightly less favourable conditions for wind installations. At the same time, the investments were economically profitable and allowed for their return in the perspective of at least eleven years, even at current prices.

scholarly journals Butler-Volmer current equation and fractal nature correction in electrochemical energy

2020 ◽  
pp. 232-232
Author(s):  
Vojislav Mitic ◽  
Goran Lazovic ◽  
Dragan Djordjevic ◽  
Maja Stankovic ◽  
Vesna Paunovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Electronic Materials ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Synthetic Methods ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Hydrogen Energy ◽  
Fractal Nature ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Electrochemical Energy

The Global Energy Crisis necessitated improving research into new, renewable and alternative energy sources. Due to that, our focus is on the area of some phenomena and applications where different synthetic methods and microstructure property optimization achieved significant improvement in the electro physical properties of output materials and components. This is especially important for higher energy efficiency and electricity production (batteries and battery systems, fuel cells, and hydrogen energy).The improvement of energy storage tank capacity is one of the most important development issues in the energy sphere too. It?s because of this very promising research and application area that we are expanding the knowledge on these phenomena through fractal nature analysis. So, the results obtained in the field of electrochemical energy sources, especially in electrolyte development, are taken into account the analysis of fractal nature optimization. Based on the research field of fractal material science, particularly electronic materials, we conducted research in microstructure fractal influence in the area of electrochemistry. We investigated the consolidation parameters of Fe2O3 redox processes. The influence of activation energy, fundamental thermodynamic parameters, and also the fractal correction of electrode surface area through complex fractal dimension with recognized grains and pores, and the Brownian motion of particles is introduced. Finally, the electrochemical Butler-Volmer equation fractalization is obtained. These results practically open new frontiers in electrochemical energy processes performed through the Arrhenius equation within electrolyte bulk and electrode relations and more complete and precise energy generation.

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