Management of Ground Movement Hazards: An Overview of a JIP

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong-Yi Wang ◽  
Don West ◽  
Doug Dewar ◽  
Alex Mckenzie-Johnson ◽  
Steve Rapp
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Ground Movement ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Hazard Management ◽  
Ground Movements ◽  
Strain Design ◽  
Hazard Avoidance ◽  
Actual Field ◽  
Girth Welds

Abstract Ground movements such as landslides, subsidence, and settlement can pose serious threats to the integrity of pipelines. The consequences of a ground movement event can vary greatly. Certain types of ground movements are slow-moving and can be monitored and mitigated before a catastrophic failure. Other forms of ground movements can be difficult to predict. The most effective approach could be hazard avoidance, proactive means to reduce strain demand on pipelines, and/or building sufficiently robust pipeline segments that have a high tolerance to the strain demand. This paper provides an overview of a Joint Industry Project (JIP) aimed at developing a best-practice document on managing ground movement hazards. The hazards being focused on are landslides and ground settlement, including mine subsidence. This document attempts to address nearly all major elements necessary for the management of such hazards. The most unique feature of the JIP is that the scope included the hazard management approach often practiced by geotechnical engineers and the fitness-for-service assessment of pipelines often performed by pipeline integrity engineers. The document developed in the JIP provides a technical background of various existing and emerging technologies. The recommendations were developed based on a solid fundamental understanding of these technologies and a wide array of actual field experiences. In addition to the various elements involved in the management of ground movement hazards, the JIP addresses some common misconceptions about the adequacy of codes and standards, including: • The adequacy of design requirements in ASME B31.4 and B31.8 with respect to ground movement hazards, • The adequacy of linepipe standards such as API 5L and welding standards such as API 1104 for producing strain-resistant pipelines, • The proper interpretation of the longitudinal strain design limit of 2% strain in ASME B31.4 and B31.8, and • The effectiveness of hydrostatic testing in “weeding out” low strain tolerance girth welds.

Integrity Management of Ground Movement Hazards

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong-Yi Wang ◽  
Don West ◽  
Douglas Dewar ◽  
Alex McKenzie-Johnson ◽  
Millan Sen
Keyword(s):  
Management Program ◽  
Ground Movement ◽  
Tensile Failure ◽  
Weld Strength ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Ground Movements ◽  
Decision Points ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Girth Welds

Ground movements, such as landslides and subsidence/settlement, can pose serious threats to pipeline integrity. The consequence of these incidents can be severe. In the absence of systematic integrity management, preventing and predicting incidents related to ground movements can be difficult. A ground movement management program can reduce the potential of those incidents. Some basic concepts and terms relevant to the management of ground movement hazards are introduced first. A ground movement management program may involve a long segment of a pipeline that may have a threat of failure in unknown locations. Identifying such locations and understanding the potential magnitude of the ground movement is often the starting point of a management program. In other cases, management activities may start after an event is known to have occurred. A sample response process is shown to illustrate key considerations and decision points after the evidence of an event is discovered. Such a process can involve fitness-for-service (FFS) assessment when appropriate information is available. The framework and key elements of FFS assessment are explained, including safety factors on strain capacity. The use of FFS assessment is illustrated through the assessment of tensile failure mode. Assessment models are introduced, including key factors affecting the outcome of an assessment. The unique features of girth welds in vintage pipelines are highlighted because the management of such pipelines is a high priority in North America and perhaps in other parts of the worlds. Common practice and appropriate considerations in a pipeline replacement program in areas of potential ground movement are highlighted. It is advisable to replace pipes with pipes of similar strength and stiffness so the strains can be distributed as broadly as possible. The chemical composition of pipe steels and the mechanical properties of the pipes should be such that the possibility of HAZ softening and weld strength undermatching is minimized. In addition, the benefits and cost of using the workmanship flaw acceptance criteria of API 1104 or equivalent standards in making repair and cutout decisions of vintage pipelines should be evaluated against the possible use of FFS assessment procedures. FFS assessment provides a quantifiable performance target which is not available through the workmanship criteria. However, necessary inputs to perform FFS assessment may not be readily available. Ongoing work intended to address some of the gaps is briefly described.

An Emerging Methodology of Slope Hazard Assessment for Natural Gas Pipelines

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Joe Zhou ◽  
Bill Liu ◽  
Gregg O’Neil ◽  
Moness Rizkalla
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Ground Movement ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Hazard Management ◽  
Slope Movements ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines ◽  
Site Investigations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ranked List

TransCanada Pipelines Ltd. (TransCanada) operates approximately 37,000 km of natural gas gathering and transmission pipelines. Within the Alberta portion of this system there are almost 1100 locations where the pipeline(s) traverse slopes, primarily as the line approaches and exits stream crossings. In the past, the approach to managing the impact of slope movements on pipeline integrity has been reactive; site investigations and/or monitoring programs would only be initiated once the slope movements were sufficiently large so as to easily observe cracking or scarp development. In some cases these movements could lead to a pipeline rupture. To move to a proactive hazard management approach and to optimize the maintenance expenditure, TransCanada has developed a new slope assessment methodology. The objective of this methodology is to establish a risk-ranked list of slopes upon which maintenance decisions can be based. Using only internal and public information on site conditions as input to predictive models for rainfall-ground movement and pipe-soil interaction, a probability of pipeline failure can be generated for each slope. Estimates of risk using a consequence-matrix approach enabled the compilation of a risk-ranked list of hazardous slopes. This paper describes this methodology, and its implementation at TransCanada, and presents some of the results.

Preventing Girth Weld Failure in Pipelines: Measurement of Loads and Application of Assessment Methods

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy Young ◽  
Robert M. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Ground Movement ◽  
External Loading ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Axial Loads ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Girth Welds

Abstract Pipeline failures from circumferential cracking at girth welds continues to affect large diameter oil and gas transmission lines, even for modern lines constructed this century. The key factors that contribute to the failure at girth welds are the dimensions of defects present, the material properties of the pipe and weldments, and the presence of loading that drives crack growth. The mechanisms of failure are well understood, but identifying and measuring the contributing factors can be a challenge. Locating girth welds that are subject to elevated loads will enable operators to focus on sections with an increased threat of failure. In this paper, we consider each of the key factors, how these are identified and defined, and the uncertainties in the measurement process. Specific attention is applied to the presence and quantification of loads and how these influence the potential for failure. This includes sources of active external loading due to ground movement, for example, or loads generated in the pipeline from the construction process. Loads can also be quantified by measuring bending strain from inline inspection inertial measurement units. A more complete picture of pipeline loading can be established by integrating a structural analysis that accounts for the direction of pipeline movement and the presence of axial loads. The relationship between assessing pipeline integrity from ground movement — typically with strainbased methods — and establishing whether the defect can survive the load is explored. The relative contribution of bending and axial loads in the failure of defects is considered. The outcome of the study will assist pipeline operators in prioritising actions that enable the quantification of the all the key parameters. The resultant analysis will provide guidance on the girth welds that have an increased risk of failure and this will enable protective actions to be defined and scheduled accordingly.

An integral solution of the electromagnetic seismograph equation

1960 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-465
Author(s):  
R. E. Ingram
Keyword(s):  
Differential Equation ◽  
Green’S Function ◽  
Green's Function ◽  
Integral Solution ◽  
Ground Movement ◽  
Ground Movements ◽  
Angular Movement ◽  
Electromagnetic Seismograph

ABSTRACT In investigating the response of an electromagnetic seismograph to various ground movements it is advantageous to have the solution of the differential equation as an integral. This is done by finding the Green's function, f(s), for the particular instrument. The angular movement of the galvanometer is then θ(t)=q∫0tf(s)x″(t−s)ds where x(t) is the ground movement and prime stands for the operator d/dt. It is sufficient to find one function, F(s), with dF/ds = f(s), to give the response to a displacement test, a tapping test, or a ground movement.

The First L555 (X80) Pipeline in Japan

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiyuki Matsuhiro ◽  
Noritake Oguchi ◽  
Toshio Kurumura ◽  
Masahiko Hamada ◽  
Nobuaki Takahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Metal Arc Welding ◽  
Control Process ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Ground Movement ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Metal Arc Welding ◽  
S Curve ◽  
Girth Welds

The construction of the first L555(X80) pipeline in Japan was completed in autumn, 2011.In this paper, the overview of the design consideration of the line, technical points for linepipe material and for girth welds are presented. In recent years the use of high strength linepipe has substantially reduced the cost of pipeline installation for the transportation of natural gas. The grades up to L555(X80) have been used worldwide and higher ones, L690(X100) and L830(X120), e.g., are being studied intensively. In the areas with possible ground movement, the active seismic regions, e.g., pipeline is designed to tolerate the anticipated deformation in longitudinal direction. In Japan, where seismic events including liquefaction are not infrequent, the codes for pipeline are generally for the grades up to L450(X65). Tokyo Gas Co. had extensively investigated technical issues for L555(X80) in the region described above and performed many experiments including full-scale burst test, full-scale bending test, FE analysis on the girth weld, etc., when the company concluded the said grade as applicable and decided project-specific requirements for linepipe material and for girth weld. Sumitomo Metals, in charge of pipe manufacturing, to fulfill these requirements, especially the requirement of round-house type stress-strain (S-S) curve to be maintained after being heated by coating operation, which is critical to avoid the concentration of longitudinal deformation, developed and applied specially designed chemical composition and optimized TMCP (Thermo-Machanical Control Process) and supplied linepipe (24″OD,14.5∼18.9mmWT) with sufficient quality. It had also developed and supplied induction bends needed with the same grade. Girth welds were conducted by Sumitomo Metal Pipeline and Piping, Ltd and mechanized GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding) was selected to achieve the special requirements, i.e., the strength of weld metal to completely overmatch the pipe avoiding the concentration of longitudinal strain to the girth weld, and the hardness to be max.300HV10 avoiding HSC (Hydrogen Stress Cracking) on this portion. Both of RT (Radiographic Test) and UT (Ultrasonic Test) were carried out to all the girth welds. These were by JIS (Japan Industrial Standards) and the project-specific requirements.

Field Inspection Module for Hydrotechnical Hazards

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Leir ◽  
Michael Reed ◽  
Eugene Yaremko
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Monitoring Site ◽  
Hazard Management ◽  
Field Inspection ◽  
Database Application ◽  
Products Pipeline

Terasen Pipelines (Terasen) owns and operates an 1146 km low vapour pressure petroleum products pipeline between Edmonton, Alberta and Burnaby, British Columbia. Its right-of-way passes through some of the most geotechnically, hydrotechnically, and environmentally challenging terrain in Western Canada. This paper describes the latest advancement of a natural hazards and risk management database application that has supported a 6-year hazard management program to quantitatively assess and prioritize the geotechnical and hydrotechnical risk along the pipeline. This database was first reported at IPC 2002 in a paper entitled “Natural hazard database application — A tool for pipeline decision makers” [1]. This second paper describes the advancements since then, including the addition of the Hydrotechnical Field Inspection Module (FIM), an add-on tool that allows field inspection observations to adjust hazard and vulnerability. This paper discusses the challenges in building a methodology that is practical enough for field maintenance personnel to use yet sufficiently comprehensive to accurately describe improving or worsening hydrotechnical hazard conditions. Functionality to enter hazard inspection data, review inspection results in the office, and authorize changes to the hydrotechnical hazard probabilities are described in the paper and demonstrated in the conference presentation. The relationship between revised hazard, vulnerability, risk, and response thresholds (such as inspection frequency, monitoring, site surveys, or mitigation) are demonstrated using a river crossing with a dynamic hazard history. As in previous years, this paper is targeted to pipeline managers who are seeking a systematic hazard and risk management approach for their natural hazards.

Behavioural Interventions in Primary Care: An Implementation Trial

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Bilsker ◽  
John Anderson ◽  
Joti Samra ◽  
Elliot Goldner ◽  
David Streiner
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Intervention Delivery ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Best Practice Guidelines ◽  
Risky Alcohol ◽  
Depression Intervention

Developing effective strategies to keep health care providers' practice current with best practice guidelines has proven to be challenging. This trial was conducted to determine the potential for using brief educational sessions to generate significant change in physician delivery of mental health and substance use interventions in primary care. A 1-hour educational session outlining interventions for depression and risky alcohol use was delivered to a sample of 85 family physicians. The interventions used a supported self-management approach and included free patient access to appropriate selfmanagement resources. The study initially evaluated physicians' implementation of these interventions over a 2-month period. Physician uptake of the depression intervention was significantly greater than uptake of the risky-drinking intervention (32% versus 10%). A follow-up at 6-months posttraining (depression intervention only) demonstrated fairly good maintenance of intervention delivery. Implications of these findings are discussed.

scholarly journals Adjusting the Influence Function Method for Subsidence Prediction

2013 ◽  
Vol 553 ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Saeidi ◽  
Olivier Deck ◽  
Marwan Al Heib ◽  
Thierry Verdel ◽  
Alain Rouleau
Keyword(s):  
Efficient Method ◽  
Influence Function ◽  
Function Method ◽  
Underground Mining ◽  
Building Damage ◽  
Ground Movement ◽  
Ground Movements ◽  
Influence Function Method ◽  
Vertical Displacements

Theextraction of ore and minerals by underground mining may induce groundsubsidence phenomena. These phenomena produce several types of ground movement likehorizontal and vertical displacements, ground curvature and horizontal groundstrain at the surface, and associated building damage in urban regions. Theinfluence function is a well-known and efficient method for the prediction ofthese movements, but its application is restricted to mining configurationswith the same influence angle around the mine. However, this angle may displaydifferent values when the mine is not horizontal or when other subsidenceevents already occurred near the considered mine.In this paper a methodology and analgorithm are developed, based on the traditional influence function method inorder to take into account different influence angles. This methodology isimplemented in the Mathematicasoftware and a case study is presented with data from the Lorraine iron minefield in France. Ground movements calculated with the developed methodologyshow a fair concordance with observed data.

Distributions of ground movements parallel to deep excavations in clay

2006 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill Roboski ◽  
Richard J Finno
Keyword(s):  
Error Function ◽  
Ground Movement ◽  
Deep Excavation ◽  
Direction Parallel ◽  
Ground Movements ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Empirical Procedure ◽  
Complementary Error Function ◽  
Excavation Support ◽  
Support Wall

An empirical procedure for fitting a complementary error function (erfc) to settlement and lateral ground movement data in a direction parallel to an excavation support wall is proposed based on extensive optical survey data obtained around a 12.8 m deep excavation in Chicago. The maximum ground movement and the height and length of an excavation wall define the erfc fitting function. The erfc fit is shown to apply to three other excavation projects where substantial ground movement data were reported.Key words: excavations, clays, ground movements, performance data.

scholarly journals Collect Once, Use Many Times: Attaining Unified Metrics for Tuberculosis Preventive Treatment for People Living With HIV

10.2196/27013 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. e27013
Author(s):  
Rena Fukunaga ◽  
David Lowrance ◽  
Adam MacNeil ◽  
Teeb Al-Samarrai ◽  
Joseph Cavanaugh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Data Communication ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
World Health ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Emergency Plan ◽  
Strategic Information ◽  
Persons Living With Hiv ◽  
Living With Hiv

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends providing tuberculosis preventive treatment (TPT) to all persons living with HIV and to all household contacts of persons with bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis disease. Regrettably, the absence of a harmonized data collection and management approach to TPT indicators has contributed to programmatic challenges at local, national, and global levels. However, in April 2020, the WHO launched the Consolidated HIV Strategic Information Guidelines, with an updated set of priority indicators. These guidelines recommend that Ministries of Health collect, report, and use data on TPT completion in addition to TPT initiation. Both indicators are reflected in the WHO’s list of 15 core indicators for program management and are also required by the US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief’s Monitoring, Evaluation, and Reporting (MER) guidance. Although not perfectly harmonized, both frameworks now share essential indicator characteristics. Aligned indicators are necessary for robust strategic and operational planning, resource allocation, and data communication. “Collect once, use many times” is a best practice for strategic information management. Building harmonized and sustainable health systems will enable countries to successfully maintain essential HIV, tuberculosis, and other health services while combatting new health threats.

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