Comparison of Design by Analysis Methods
The paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the two well known Design by Analysis methods for unfired pressure vessels: the stress categorisation method (as given e.g. in the 2004 ASME B&BV Code Section VIII Division 2 [1], and EN 13445-3 Annex C [2]) and the new Direct Route (using elastic-plastic finite-element analysis) as given in EN 13445-3 Annex B [2]. A comparison of results is given for examples of various degree of difficulty to show the principal ideas and the applicability of the two approaches: a dished end with a nozzle in the knuckle region, a cylindrical shell to flat end connection and a rather complex header of an air cooler with rectangular cross section. As shown by the considered examples, the Direct Route method gives unique solutions (which is not always the case for stress categorisation) and can be advantageous in some cases, but requires a more time consuming analysis. The questionable design limits given by the 3f-criterion of the stress categorisation method can be avoided by usage of the progressive plastic deformation design check of the Direct Route if the required number of action cycles is low.