Transfer Bond Test Used to Predict Transfer Length of Concrete Railroad Ties

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph R. Holste ◽  
Robert J. Peterman ◽  
Naga Narendra B. Bodapati ◽  
B. Terry Beck ◽  
Chih-Hang John Wu
Keyword(s):  
Prestressed Concrete ◽  
State University ◽  
Ultimate Capacity ◽  
Force Measurements ◽  
Transfer Length ◽  
Pullout Tests ◽  
The Wire ◽  
Kansas State University

A study was conducted at Kansas State University to determine the correlation between tensioned-wire pullout tests and the corresponding transfer lengths in prestressed concrete railroad ties. Five different 5.32-mm-diameter pre-stressing wires were selected to be used on this project based on previous testing conducted at Kansas State University (KSU). The wires were tested to simulate the transfer-length bond. The transfer-length bond test involved tensioning each of the wires to 75% of their ultimate capacity, casting concrete around each wire and then de-tensioning the wire when the concrete had reached 4,500 psi. End-slip and force measurements were recorded on both sides of the specimen as the wire was de-tensioned. Transfer bond data was used to investigate the transfer length that each wire type would expect to see in a concrete railroad tie. Prisms with each wire type were cast and the transfer length was measured for each type of wire. Prism measurements were used along with the transfer bond data to correlate a relation between the transfer bond test and the transfer lengths of the prisms.

Tensioned Pullout Test Used to Investigate Wire Splitting Propensity in Concrete Railroad Ties

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph R. Holste ◽  
Mark Haynes ◽  
Robert J. Peterman ◽  
B. Terry Beck ◽  
Chih-Hang John Wu
Keyword(s):  
Test Data ◽  
Pullout Test ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
State University ◽  
Ultimate Capacity ◽  
Transfer Length ◽  
Test Setup ◽  
The Wire ◽  
Kansas State University ◽  
Bond Area

An experimental program was done at Kansas State University to investigate the possibility of splitting caused by different wire indent patterns used in concrete railroad ties. 5.32-mm-diameter pre-stressing wires with chevron, dot, or spiral indent patterns were tested along with a smooth wire. The wires were tested using a tensioned pullout test setup that was developed to simulate the transfer length bond area interaction between the wire and the concrete. The wires were tensioned to 75% of their ultimate capacity before the concrete specimens were cast around the wire. Various diameter concrete specimens were tested to determine the amount of cover needed to prevent splitting. The wire was de-tensioned when the concrete had reached 4,500 psi, during which time wire slip and force were measured on each side of the specimen. The spitting behavior found during this testing was used to determine the probability of a wire to cause potential splitting in a concrete railroad tie. Indent geometry data was also compared with this test data to determine a method for predicting the splitting potential based on indent geometry.

Comparison of Transfer Lengths in Pretensioned Concrete Railroad Ties Subjected to Different Magnitudes of Rail Loads

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naga Narendra B. Bodapati ◽  
Robert J. Peterman ◽  
B. Terry Beck ◽  
Chih-Hang John Wu
Keyword(s):  
Casting Process ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Plant Location ◽  
Bottom Surface ◽  
State University ◽  
Transfer Length ◽  
Length Measurements ◽  
Kansas State University ◽  
University Transfer ◽  
One Year

In order to quantify the effect of different reinforcement types on transfer lengths, an extensive study was conducted with the selected group of twelve different reinforcement types. These reinforcements are extensively used to produce concrete railroad ties across the world. These employed twelve (12) different types are of 5.32 mm diameter wires with different surface indent geometries. A research team from Kansas state university visited a PCI certified concrete tie manufacturing plant during January 2013. During the plant visit, four (4) concrete railroad ties were cast for each reinforcement type for a total of 48 ties. Considerable part of the study conducted at the plant was previously published by the authors. However for effective understanding, brief explanation of the tie manufacturing process will be presented in this paper. Strain measuring points were mounted on the bottom surface of a concrete railroad tie during the casting process. Proper measures were taken to safeguard these strain measuring points during loading. Transfer lengths were calculated using these mounted strain measuring points. Transfer length measurements were calculated at the plant, immediately after the application of prestressing forces to the concrete ties. After the casting process, two ties for each reinforcement type were stored at plant location for approximately one year and the remaining two ties (companion ties) for the each reinforcement types were shipped and stored at Kansas state university. Transfer length measurements were again calculated at this stage for all 48 ties. Ties stored at plant location were later subjected to cumulative in-track railroad loading of 85 million gross tons over six (6) months period of time. Whereas, the companion ties stored at Kansas state university were not subjected to any loading. Transfer lengths are calculated and compared at this stage and presented [4] in the past. Ties which were already subjected to 85 million gross tons were further loaded to cumulative total of 236.3 million gross tons and the companion ties stored at Kansas State University were not subjected to any loading. Transfer lengths for the ties (twenty four) that were subjected 263.3 million gross tons were calculated and presented in this paper with detailed explanation. Transfer length behavior under different magnitudes of loading is also presented along with the discussion.

Development of a Standard Bond Test for Indented Prestressing Wires

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew L. Arnold ◽  
Robert J. Peterman ◽  
Naga Narendra B. Bodapati ◽  
B. Terry Beck ◽  
Chih-Hang (John) Wu
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Pullout Test ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Transfer Length ◽  
Pullout Tests ◽  
Length Measurements ◽  
Strand Bond ◽  
The Wire ◽  
Bond Characteristics

An experimental testing program was conducted at Kansas State University (KSU) to test the bond characteristics of various 5.32 mm-diameter, Grade 270 low-relaxation steel wires used in prestressed concrete railroad ties. This un-tensioned pullout test could serve as a quality control test similar to the NASP (North American Strand Producers) Strand Bond Test that has been developed for pre-tensioned strands. A total of twelve (12) wires produced by six different steel manufacturers were used to develop the wire pullout test. All of the wires were tested in their “as-received” condition and have different indent geometries. It is generally accepted that indentations in the wire improve the bond between the steel and concrete. However, there are currently no commonly accepted quality control tests that accurately predict a wire’s bond characteristics in a pre-tensioned application. The un-tensioned pullout test developed is comparable to the NASP [Strand] Bond Test. The specimens consist of a 4 in. (100 mm) outer-diameter tube with a total length of 8 in. (200 mm) and a steel plate welded to the bottom. The 5.32 mm-diameter wire was centered in the tube and the sand-cement mortar was placed and allowed to cure. The flow of the mortar was measured for consistency and 2” × 2” (50 mm × 50 mm) mortar cubes were used to determine the compressive strength of the mortar. The specimens were tested when the compressive strength of the mortar was between 4500 and 5000 psi (31.0 MPa and 34.5 MPa). Each batch of mortar contained 12 pullout specimens; one with each wire type. Each wire was tested six times leading to a total of six batches and a total of 72 mortar specimens. During testing, the wires were loaded in force control at the bottom, while continuously monitoring and recording the movement (slip) of the wire with respect to the mortar at the opposite (top) end. The force verses end-slip data of the six tests for each wire type were numerically combined to obtain the average bond performance. These average results from the un-tensioned pullout tests were then compared to transfer length measurements from accompanying pre-tensioned concrete prisms. In general, the wire end slip measurements from the pullout tests were found to have good correlation with the measured transfer length. For all 12 wires, a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.872 was found between the average pullout force (at 0.10-inch (2.54 mm) of wire free-end slip) and average transfer length measurements from the accompanying concrete prism tests. However, when only the indented wires were considered, the R2 increased to 0.913.

The Influence of Wire Type Indentation on Longitudinal Splitting in Pre-Stressed Concrete

2021 ◽  
Vol 1165 ◽  
pp. 65-86
Author(s):  
Adrijana Savić ◽  
Aref Shafiei Dastgerdi ◽  
Robert J. Peterman ◽  
B. Terry Beck
Keyword(s):  
Prestressed Concrete ◽  
State University ◽  
Longitudinal Splitting ◽  
Prestressing Steel ◽  
Concrete Members ◽  
Concrete Mixtures ◽  
Pretensioned Concrete ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Compressive Strength Of Concrete ◽  
Kansas State University

The important characteristic in the creation of longitudinal splitting cracks in pretensioned concrete members has found to be the geometry of the pre-stressing wire indents. Longitudinal splitting along prestressing tendons can result in severe splitting of prestressed member in the field under loading over time. The research evaluated the influence of wire type indentation on the longitudinal splitting in prestressed concrete members fabricated with different concrete mixtures and different compressive strength of concrete. A key objective was to find the best type of wire to avoid failures in the field. A study was conducted at Kansas State University to understand the effect of wire type on the longitudinal splitting between prestressing steel and prestressed concrete. Three different types of wires will be presented in this paper denoted as “WB”, “WF” and “WQ”. The wires have different parameters which include indent depth, indent width, indent sidewall angle, indent pitch and indent volume.

Student and Institutional Achievements during an OIE Veterinary Education Twinning Project Collaboration between Sokoine University of Agriculture and Kansas State University

2020 ◽  
pp. e20190121
Author(s):  
Tesfaalem Tekleghiorghis Sebhatu ◽  
Rudovick Kazwala ◽  
Derek Mosier ◽  
Maulilio Kipanyula ◽  
Amandus Muhairwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State University ◽  
Veterinary Education ◽  
Kansas State University

scholarly journals Cultivating Textbook Alternatives From the Ground Up: One Public University’s Sustainable Model for Open and Alternative Educational Resource Proliferation

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Lashley ◽  
Rebel Cummings-Sauls ◽  
Andrew B. Bennett ◽  
Brian L. Lindshield
Keyword(s):  
Public Universities ◽  
Institutional Support ◽  
Educational Resources ◽  
Educational Resource ◽  
Faculty Participation ◽  
State University ◽  
Methodical Approach ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Kansas State University ◽  
Open Materials

<p class="3">This note from the field reviews the sustainability of an institution-wide program for adopting and adapting open and alternative educational resources (OAER) at Kansas State University (K-State). Developed in consult of open textbook initiatives at other institutions and modified around the needs and expectations of K-State students and faculty, this initiative proposes a sustainable means of incentivizing faculty participation via institutional support, encouraging the creation and maintenance of OAER through recurring funding, promoting innovative realizations of “educational resources” beyond traditional textbooks, and rallying faculty participation in adopting increasingly open textbook alternatives. The history and resulting structure of the initiative raise certain recommendations for how public universities may sustainably offset student textbook costs while also empowering the pedagogies of educators via a more methodical approach to adopting open materials.</p>

scholarly journals Relationship between High School Student Participation in State-level Future Farmers of America Career Development Events and Matriculation at the Host University: A Case Study in Horticulture at Kansas State University

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 862-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly A. Williams ◽  
Chad T. Miller ◽  
Ward Upham
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Career Development ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Farmers Of America ◽  
State University ◽  
School Students ◽  
Kansas State University ◽  
Career Development Events

In recent years, many horticulture departments around the United States have been concerned with recruiting and retaining an adequate number of students. One potential recruitment opportunity is the horticulture Future Farmers of America (FFA) Career Development Events (CDEs). For the time period of 1999 to 2012 (14 years), 1462 students participated in the annual state-level horticulture contests, comprising floriculture and nursery/landscape CDEs, held at Kansas State University (KSU). Using the rosters from these two CDEs, we referenced the university’s student information database to determine whether the high school students who participated as FFA horticulture CDE contestants ultimately matriculated to KSU. Fifty-two percent of former FFA horticulture CDE participants were accepted to KSU and 32% matriculated. Of these, 58% enrolled in the College of Agriculture and 19% majored in horticulture. Therefore, 3.5% of total horticulture CDE participants majored in horticulture at KSU. Students who participated in more than one horticulture CDE over time were more likely to major in horticulture at KSU compared with students who competed only once. Thirty-nine percent of students who participated in both horticulture CDEs pursued a baccalaureate program in horticulture. These two student characteristics could be used as indicator data points to target recruitment of future horticulture students. Data about the high school programs that generated contest participants were also summarized. Exceling in the CDE contests was not an indicator CDE participants would pursue a baccalaureate degree in horticulture. These analyses suggest FFA CDEs have some potential to optimize student recruitment efforts.

scholarly journals Development of a Recombinant Nucleoprotein-Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Quantification of Antibodies against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

2000 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 700-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven B. Witte ◽  
Cindy Chard-Bergstrom ◽  
Thomas A. Loughin ◽  
Sanjay Kapil
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
State University ◽  
Kansas State University ◽  
Porcine Respiratory

ABSTRACT A rapid, inexpensive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantitate antibodies to porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV) in serum was developed using a recombinant PRRSV nucleoprotein (rN). The sensitivity (85.3%) and specificity (81.7%) of the Kansas State University ELISA were good, correlating well (82.4%) with the IDEXX HerdChek ELISA.

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