Design Optimization of an In Vitro Shear Stress and Mass Transfer Modifier for Endothelial Cell Culture

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Van Doormaal ◽  
C. Ross Ethier
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Cell Culture ◽  
Shear Stress ◽  
Wall Shear Stress ◽  
Fluid Dynamic ◽  
Endothelial Cell Culture ◽  
Atherosclerotic Lesions ◽  
Wall Shear ◽  
Progression Of Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis, a disease of the large and medium arteries, is the leading cause of death in Western countries. Fluid dynamic and mass transfer phenomena are thought to play a role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis [1–3]. Atherosclerotic lesions are known to localize to areas such as bifurcations and curved arterial segments where shear stress and mass transfer patterns differ from those in straight arteries. However, the precise roles of wall shear stress and mass transfer in the localization of atherosclerotic lesions are not known, and this remains an active area of research. Determining the separate roles of wall shear stress and mass transfer in atherosclerosis is made more difficult because areas of abnormal wall shear stress often co-localize with areas of abnormal mass transfer.

Distribution of Mass Transfer Rate and Wall Shear Stress Behind Simple Rectangular Stenosis in Pulsating Flow

1989 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Yamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Shear Stress ◽  
Wall Shear Stress ◽  
Transfer Rate ◽  
Schmidt Number ◽  
Fluid Dynamic ◽  
Mass Transfer Rate ◽  
Pulsating Flow ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Wall Shear

The distributions of mass transfer rate and wall shear stress in sinusoidal laminar pulsating flow through a two-dimensional asymmetric stenosed channel have been studied experimentally and numerically. The distributions are measured by the electrochemical method. The measurement is conducted at a Reynolds number of about 150, a Schmidt number of about 1000, a nondimensional pulsating frequency of 3.40, and a nondimensional flow amplitude of 0.3. It is suggested that the deterioration of an arterial wall distal to stenosis may be greatly enhanced by fluid dynamic effects.

scholarly journals Investigation of Wall Shear Stress in Cardiovascular Research and in Clinical Practice—From Bench to Bedside

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5635
Author(s):  
Katharina Urschel ◽  
Miyuki Tauchi ◽  
Stephan Achenbach ◽  
Barbara Dietel
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Shear Stress ◽  
Wall Shear Stress ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Computational Techniques ◽  
Apical Surface ◽  
Cardiovascular Research ◽  
Endothelial Cell Function ◽  
Wall Shear

In the 1900s, researchers established animal models experimentally to induce atherosclerosis by feeding them with a cholesterol-rich diet. It is now accepted that high circulating cholesterol is one of the main causes of atherosclerosis; however, plaque localization cannot be explained solely by hyperlipidemia. A tremendous amount of studies has demonstrated that hemodynamic forces modify endothelial athero-susceptibility phenotypes. Endothelial cells possess mechanosensors on the apical surface to detect a blood stream-induced force on the vessel wall, known as “wall shear stress (WSS)”, and induce cellular and molecular responses. Investigations to elucidate the mechanisms of this process are on-going: on the one hand, hemodynamics in complex vessel systems have been described in detail, owing to the recent progress in imaging and computational techniques. On the other hand, investigations using unique in vitro chamber systems with various flow applications have enhanced the understanding of WSS-induced changes in endothelial cell function and the involvement of the glycocalyx, the apical surface layer of endothelial cells, in this process. In the clinical setting, attempts have been made to measure WSS and/or glycocalyx degradation non-invasively, for the purpose of their diagnostic utilization. An increasing body of evidence shows that WSS, as well as serum glycocalyx components, can serve as a predicting factor for atherosclerosis development and, most importantly, for the rupture of plaques in patients with high risk of coronary heart disease.

In-Vitro Wall Shear Stress Measurements for Microfluid Flows by Using Second-Order SPE Micro-PIV

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han-Sheng Chuang ◽  
Steven T. Wereley
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Wall Shear Stress ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Bias Error ◽  
Central Difference ◽  
Micro Piv ◽  
Wall Shear

Conventional single pixel evaluation (SPE) significantly improves the spatial resolution of PIV measurements to the physical limit of a CCD camera based on the forward difference interrogation (FDI). This paper further enhances the computational algorithm to second-order accuracy by simply modifying the numerical scheme with the central difference interrogation (CDI). The proposed central difference scheme basically superposes the forward-time and the backward-time correlation domains, thus resulting in reduced bias error as well as rapid background noise elimination. An assessment of the CDI SPE algorithm regarding the measurement errors was achieved via numerous synthetic images subject to a four-roll mill flow. In addition, preliminary wall shear stress (WSS) measurements regarding different algorithms are also evaluated with an analytical turbulent boundary flow. CDI scheme showed a 0.32% error deviated from the analytical solution and improved the same error in FFT-based correlation correlation (FFT-CC) by 32.35%. To demonstrate the performance in practice, in-vitro measurements were implemented in a serpentine microchannel made of polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) for both CDI SPE and spatial cross-correlation. A series of steady-state flow images at five specified regions of interest were acquired using micro-PIV system. Final comparisons of the WSS regarding the Pearson correlation coefficient, R2, between the numerical schemes and the simulations showed that an overall result was improved by CDI SPE due to the fine resolution and the enhanced accuracy.

Design and Analysis of a Shear Stress Sensor for Microcirculation Investigations (Invited Paper)

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Risa Robinson ◽  
Lynn Fuller ◽  
Harvey Palmer ◽  
Mary Frame
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Shear Stress ◽  
Wall Shear Stress ◽  
Computational Technique ◽  
Flow Modification ◽  
Stress Sensors ◽  
Shear Stress Sensors ◽  
Wall Shear

Blood flow regulation in the microvascular network has been investigated by means of computational fluid dynamics, in vivo particle tracking and microchannel models. It is evident from these studies that shear stress along the wall is a key factor in the communication network that results in blood flow modification, yet current methods for shear stress determination are acknowledged to be imprecise. Micromachining technology allows for the development of implantable shear stress sensors that will enable us to monitor wall shear stress at multiple locations in arteriole bifurcations. In this study, a microchannel was employed as an in vitro model of a microvessel. Thermal shear stress sensors were used to mimic the endothelial cells that line the vessel wall. A three dimensional computational model was created to simulate the system’s thermal response to the constant temperature control circuit and related wall shear stress. The model geometry included a silicon wafer section with all the fabrication layers — silicon dioxide, poly silicon resistor, silicon nitride — and a microchannel with cross section 17 μm × 17 μm. This computational technique was used to optimize the dimensions of the system for a 0.01 Reynolds number flow at room temperature in order to reduce the amount of heat lost to the substrate and to predict and maximize the signal response. Results of the design optimization are presented and the fabrication process discussed.

Analysis of Flow and Wall Shear Stress in Curvature Induced Dorsal Aneurysms: Effect of Arterial Curvature

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun Ramu ◽  
Guo-Xiang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Wall Shear Stress ◽  
Fluid Dynamic ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Cerebral Aneurysms ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Wall Shear ◽  
Primary Velocity ◽  
The Impact

Intracranial aneurysms are abnormal enlargement in the walls of cerebral arteries. The rupture of aneurysms is the leading cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), with a high mortality and morbidity rate. A majority of saccular cerebral aneurysms occur at sites of arterial bifurcations. However, a good percentage of aneurysms are curvature induced and are found along the cavernous arterial segment. The occurrence of such non branching aneurysms, clinically called dorsal aneurysms, can be related to the increased wall shear stress at the curved arteries. The rupture of aneurysms usually occurs at the dome region, which is subjected to reduced wall shear stress (wss) owing to low re-circulating flow. Hence it is important to understand the impact of arterial curvature on the WSS distribution along the dome of aneurysms. Previously, studies have not taken into account the aspect of low WSS along the dome region. In the present 3-d computational fluid dynamic approach, we investigate the impact of varying arterial curvature on spherical dorsal aneurysms. The primary velocity patterns, the WSS distribution along the dome of the aneurysm and the area of increased WSS have been quantified for steady flow conditions.

Inflammatory Response of Endothelial Cells to Wall Shear Stress in Three Dimensional Stenotic Models

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonie Rouleau ◽  
Joanna Rossi ◽  
Jean-Claude Tardif ◽  
Rosaire Mongrain ◽  
Richard L. Leask
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Shear Stress ◽  
Wall Shear Stress ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Realistic Model ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Steady Flows ◽  
Wall Shear

Endothelial cells (ECs) are believed to respond differentially to hemodynamic forces in the vascular tree. Once atherosclerotic plaque has formed in a vessel, the obstruction creates complex spatial gradients in wall shear stress (WSS). In vitro models have used mostly unrealistic and simplified geometries, which cannot reproduce accurately physiological conditions. The objective of this study was to expose ECs to the complex WSS pattern created by an asymmetric stenosis. Endothelial cells were grown and exposed for different times to physiological steady flows in straight dynamic controls and in idealized asymmetric stenosis models. Cell morphology was noticeably different in the regions with spatial WSS gradients, being more randomly oriented and of cobblestone shape. Inflammatory molecule expression was also altered by exposure to shear and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was upregulated by its presence. A regional response in terms of inflammation was observed through confocal microscopy. This work provides a more realistic model to study endothelial cell response to spatial and temporal WSS gradients that are present in vivo and is an important advancement towards a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in coronary artery disease.

Spatial comparison between wall shear stress measures and porcine arterial endothelial permeability

2004 ◽  
Vol 286 (5) ◽  
pp. H1916-H1922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather A. Himburg ◽  
Deborah M. Grzybowski ◽  
Andrew L. Hazel ◽  
Jeffrey A. LaMack ◽  
Xue-Mei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Wall Shear Stress ◽  
Evans Blue ◽  
Fluid Dynamic ◽  
Endothelial Permeability ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Evans Blue Dye ◽  
Wall Shear ◽  
And Function

A better understanding of how hemodynamic factors affect the integrity and function of the vascular endothelium is necessary to appreciate more fully how atherosclerosis is initiated and promoted. A novel technique is presented to assess the relation between fluid dynamic variables and the permeability of the endothelium to macromolecules. Fully anesthetized, domestic swine were intravenously injected with the albumin marker Evans blue dye, which was allowed to circulate for 90 min. After the animals were euthanized, silicone casts were made of the abdominal aorta and its iliac branches. Pulsatile flow calculations were subsequently made in computational regions derived from the casts. The distribution of the calculated time-dependent wall shear stress in the external iliac branches was directly compared on a point-by-point basis with the spatially varying in vivo uptake of Evans blue dye in the same arteries. The results indicate that in vivo endothelial permeability to albumin decreases with increasing time-average shear stress over the normal range. Additionally, endothelial permeability increases slightly with oscillatory shear index.

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