Highly sensitive standoff detection and identification of traces of explosives and of biological and chemical agents

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Portnov ◽  
Illana Bar ◽  
Salman Rosenwaks
Keyword(s):  
Standoff Detection ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Highly Sensitive

scholarly journals THE AUTODIGESTION OF NORMAL SERUM THROUGH THE ACTION OF CERTAIN CHEMICAL AGENTS. I

1918 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 689-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shotaro Yamakawa
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Chemical Reagents ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Activated State ◽  
Destructive Action ◽  
Lower Series ◽  
Foreign Substrate ◽  
Pig Serum

1. By means of certain chemical reagents, normal guinea pig serum can be brought to autodigestion without the presence of any foreign substrate. There exists in normal sera a highly characteristic protease. 2. The serum ferment survives heating at 55°C. for 30 minutes, but is completely inactivated at 60°C. for the same length of time. 3. The autodigestion of serum requires a temperature of about 37°C., and no noticeable digestion takes place at a temperature of 16°C. or lower. 4. Autodigestion of the serum may be brought about by chloroform and various saturated monovalent ketones and alcohols of the lower series. 5. The ketones and alcohols have a certain narrow limit of concentration for activating serum, beyond which the ferment is destroyed, even at room temperature. 6. The ketones and alcohols in concentrations regulated to activate serum at room temperature destroy the ferment when allowed to act on serum at 37°C. for 30 minutes. The elimination of the concentrated reagents from serum by evaporation or dialysis protects the ferment from their destructive action. 7. A certain length of time is required for the chemical activators to complete their action. In this respect chloroform is much slower than acetone. 8. The chemical activators may be removed from the activated serum by means of vacuum, dialysis, or extraction with certain indifferent chemicals without causing a return of the serum to its original non-autolytic state. Once activated by these reagents, the serum remains in the activated state, in spite of the removal of the activators. 9. The ferment is highly sensitive to the reaction of the medium, being readily inactivated when the reaction exceeds a certain narrow limit towards acid or alkaline. The optimal digestion is obtained with a faintly alkaline or neutral reaction.

scholarly journals A Fast Approximation for Adaptive Wavelength Selection for Infrared Chemical Sensors

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Chilenski ◽  
Cara Murphy ◽  
Gil Raz
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Optical Power ◽  
Laser Wavelength ◽  
Information Theoretic ◽  
Standoff Detection ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Sensor Control ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Trace Chemicals ◽  
Selection Of

<p>Active mid-infrared spectroscopy with tunable lasers is a leading technology for standoff detection and identification of trace chemicals. Information-theoretic optimal selection of the laser wavelength offers the promise of increased detection confidence at lower abundances and with fewer wavelengths. Reducing the number of wavelengths required enables faster detections and lowers sensor power consumption while keeping the optical power under eye safety limits. This paper presents an approximation to the mutual information which operates ~40000x faster than traditional techniques, thereby making near-optimal real-time sensor control computationally feasible. Application of this technique to synthetic data suggests it can reduce the number of wavelengths needed by a factor of two relative to an evenly-spaced grid, with even higher gains for chemicals with weak signatures.</p>

scholarly journals Rose Rosette Disease: Recent Advances on Molecular Diagnostic Tools

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 596-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binoy Babu ◽  
Gary Knox ◽  
Mathews L. Paret ◽  
Francisco M. Ochoa-Corona
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Specialty Crop ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Research Initiative ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Rose Rosette ◽  
Rose Rosette Disease

Rose rosette emaravirus (RRV, genus Emaravirus), the causal agent of rose rosette disease, is the topmost pathogen of concern for the rose industry in the United States. The only strategy available for disease management is early identification and eradication of the infected plants. Highly reliable, specific, and sensitive detection assays are thus required to test and confirm the presence of RRV in suspected plant samples. RRV is only a recently characterized virus and hence limits the diagnostic tools available for its early detection. With a U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Specialty Crop Research Initiative (SCRI) project sponsorship, several diagnostic tools including end-point reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and RT-qPCR assays targeting single and multiple genes targets were developed for routine diagnostics. This review introduces an overall view of the different diagnostic tools developed, which are reliable, highly sensitive, and can be easily implemented for detection and identification in laboratories providing diagnostic services and confirmation of RRV-infected samples.

scholarly journals LAMP Detection and Identification of the Blackleg Pathogen Leptosphaeria biglobosa ‘brassicae’

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ran Du ◽  
Yongju Huang ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Long Yang ◽  
Mingde Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Leptosphaeria Maculans ◽  
Lamp Assay ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Pathogen Populations ◽  
Leptosphaeria Biglobosa

Blackleg of oilseed rape is a damaging invasive disease caused by the species complex Leptosphaeria maculans (Lm)/L. biglobosa (Lb), which are composed of at least two and seven phylogenetic subclades, respectively. Generally, Lm is more virulent than Lb, however, under certain conditions, Lb can cause a significant yield loss in oilseed rape. Lb ‘brassicae’ (Lbb) has been found to be the causal agent for blackleg of oilseed rape in China, whereas Lm and Lb ‘canadensis’ (Lbc) were frequently detected in imported seeds of oilseed rape, posing a risk of spread into China. In order to monitor the blackleg-pathogen populations, a diagnostic tool based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) was developed using a 615-bp-long DNA sequence from Lbb that was derived from a randomly amplified polymorphic DNA assay. The LAMP was optimized for temperature and time, and tested for specificity and sensitivity using the DNA extracted from Lbb, Lbc, Lm, and 10 other fungi. The results showed that the optimal temperature and time were 65°C and 40 min, respectively. The LAMP primer set was specific to Lbb and highly sensitive as it detected the Lbb DNA as low as 132 fg per reaction. The LAMP assay was validated using the DNA extracted from mycelia and conidia of a well-characterized Lbb isolate, and its utility was evaluated using the DNA extracted from leaves, stems, pods and seeds of oilseed rape. The LAMP assay developed herein will help for monitoring populations of the blackleg pathogens in China and developing strategies for management of the blackleg disease.

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