The Effects of Different Percentages of Dietary Fat Intake, Exercise, and Calorie Restriction on Body Composition and Body Weight in Obese Females

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 442-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Powell ◽  
Larry Tucker ◽  
A. Garth Fisher ◽  
Kim Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Calorie Restriction ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Dietary Fats ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Walking Program

Purpose. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of varying the amount of dietary fat, while holding calories at 1,200 kcals/day, on body weight and percent body fat in 35 obese women. Design. A pretest, midtest, posttest experimental design was employed, and subjects were randomly divided into one of four dietary fat groups, with 10%, 20%, 30%, or 40% of caloric intake as dietary fat. Intervention. Subjects consumed 1,200 kcals/day and a specified percentage of total energy as fat, depending on their dietary group. Protein was held constant at 20%. All subjects engaged in a five day/week walking program. Setting. Participants were recruited from the general community using newspaper advertisements. Subjects. Thirty-five obese women 25 to 45 years of age (means=38 ± 4.97) served as subjects. All were at least 20% above ideal weight and 30% to 52% body fat. Measures. Percent body fat, body weight, and anthropomorphic measurements were taken at baseline, six and 12 weeks. Dietary intake was recorded daily by each subject, and exercise walking logs were maintained by each participant. Results. All subjects lost body weight and body fat; however, there were no significant differences in the rate or amount of body weight or percent body fat lost across the four groups during the intervention. Conclusions. It appears that during calorie restriction and exercise for 12 weeks, percent of calories derived from dietary fats does not influence loss of body weight or percent body fat in adult obese women.

scholarly journals The effects of physiological adaptations to calorie restriction on global cell proliferation rates

2011 ◽  
Vol 300 (4) ◽  
pp. E735-E745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Bruss ◽  
Airlia C. S. Thompson ◽  
Ishita Aggarwal ◽  
Cyrus F. Khambatta ◽  
Marc K. Hellerstein
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Calorie Restriction ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Running Wheels

Calorie restriction (CR) reduces the rate of cell proliferation in mitotic tissues. It has been suggested that this reduction in cell proliferation may mediate CR-induced increases in longevity. However, the mechanisms that lead to CR-induced reductions in cell proliferation rates remain unclear. To evaluate the CR-induced physiological adaptations that may mediate reductions in cell proliferation rates, we altered housing temperature and access to voluntary running wheels to determine the effects of food intake, energy expenditure, percent body fat, and body weight on proliferation rates of keratinocytes, liver cells, mammary epithelial cells, and splenic T-cells in C57BL/6 mice. We found that ∼20% CR led to a reduction in cell proliferation rates in all cell types. However, lower cell proliferation rates were not observed with reductions in 1) food intake and energy expenditure in female mice housed at 27°C, 2) percent body fat in female mice provided running wheels, or 3) body weight in male mice provided running wheels compared with ad libitum-fed controls. In contrast, reductions in insulin-like growth factor I were associated with decreased cell proliferation rates. Taken together, these data suggest that CR-induced reductions in food intake, energy expenditure, percent body fat, and body weight do not account for the reductions in global cell proliferation rates observed in CR. In addition, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that reduced cell proliferation rates could be useful as a biomarker of interventions that increase longevity.

Effects of Reinforcement Based Exercise on Fitness and Work Productivity in Adults with Mental Retardation

1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Croce ◽  
Michael Horvat
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
Percent Body Fat

The present study evaluated the effects of a reinforcement based aerobic and resistance exercise program on three obese men with mental retardation and below average fitness levels. A multiple-baseline-across-subjects design was employed to evaluate treatment effectiveness and retention of treatment effects on five dependent measures: body weight, percent body fat (body composition), oxygen consumption (predicted max V̇O2 in ml/kg/min), composite isometric strength (in kg of force), and work productivity (pieces of work completed). Subjects improved during treatment from their baseline scores on cardiovascular fitness, strength, and work productivity measurements (p<.05); however, retention of gains made during treatment were inconsistent and the data that indicated subjects’ scores were regressing back toward baseline measurements. There were no significant differences for body weight and percent body fat measurements for treatment and retention phases (p>.05). Results indicated that adults with mental retardation respond to a progressive exercise program in much the same manner as their nonretarded peers and that such an exercise program can facilitate job performance.

Association among Fitness Components, Anxiety, and Confidence following Aerobic Training in Aquarunning

1994 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 595-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Jambor ◽  
Mary E. Rudisill ◽  
Esther M. Weekes ◽  
Thomas J. Michaud
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Somatic Anxiety ◽  
Physical Measures ◽  
Physical Changes ◽  
Relationship Of

The relationship of actual and perceived physiological and physical changes, i.e., VO2max, percent body fat, body weight, and perceived fitness change, to changes in anxiety and confidence were investigated. 15 adults volunteered to participate in an 8-wk. exercise program and 15 adults volunteered to be in a nonexercising control group. Physiological and physical measures (VO2max, percent body fat, body weight) were taken at Week 1 (pretest week) and Week 10 (posttest week) of the program. Each subject completed the Competitive Sport Anxiety Inventory-II prior to and just after the 8-wk. training program. Cognitive and somatic anxiety scores significantly decreased for both groups over the 8-wk. period. Confidence scores did not change for either group. The physiological variable and the physical measures were significantly related to cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, or confidence. It appears that both the aquarunning exercise and quiet rest sessions can be associated with anxiety within 8 wk.

Effects of the lipase inhibitor orlistat on intake and preference for dietary fat in rats

1996 ◽  
Vol 271 (1) ◽  
pp. R48-R54 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Ackroff ◽  
A. Sclafani
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Fat Absorption ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Dietary Fat Intake

Orlistat (Ols), a potent inhibitor of pancreatic lipase, was added to the fat source (1 or 4 mg Ols/g fat) of a macronutrient self-selection diet fed to adult female rats. The rats responded to the drug-induced reduction in fat absorption by decreasing their dietary fat intake and increasing their protein and carbohydrate intake in a dose-related manner. Total caloric intake also increased, but body weight gain was inhibited compared with the nondrug control group. When Ols was removed from the diet, nutrient selection, caloric intake, and body weight returned to control levels. In additional short-term experiments (30 min/day), rats developed a preference for a plain fat diet over an Ols-fat diet (4 mg/g fat) and also for a cue flavor paired with plain fat over a flavor paired with Ols-fat. Yet, when not given the choice, the rats consumed nearly as much Ols-fat as plain fat diet. These results indicate that, by reducing fat absorption, Ols reduced the attractiveness of dietary fat, although it did not make the fat diet aversive. In clinical use, lipase inhibitors may be effective in reducing dietary fat intake by reducing both the consumption and absorption of fat.

Protein appetite is increased after central leptin-induced fat depletion

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (4) ◽  
pp. R1468-R1473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F. Wiater ◽  
Bryan D. Hudson ◽  
Yvette Virgin ◽  
Sue Ritter
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Macronutrient Selection ◽  
Daily Diet ◽  
Nadir Point ◽  
And Control

Leptin reduces body fat selectively, sparing body protein. Accordingly, during chronic leptin administration, food intake is suppressed, and body weight is reduced until body fat is depleted. Body weight then stabilizes at this fat-depleted nadir, while food intake returns to normal caloric levels, presumably in defense of energy and nutritional homeostasis. This model of leptin treatment offers the opportunity to examine controls of food intake that are independent of leptin's actions, and provides a window for examining the nature of feeding controls in a “fatless” animal. Here we evaluate macronutrient selection during this fat-depleted phase of leptin treatment. Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained on standard pelleted rodent chow and given daily lateral ventricular injections of leptin or vehicle solution until body weight reached the nadir point and food intake returned to normal levels. Injections were then continued for 8 days, during which rats self-selected their daily diet from separate sources of carbohydrate, protein, and fat. Macronutrient choice differed profoundly in leptin and control rats. Leptin rats exhibited a dramatic increase in protein intake, whereas controls exhibited a strong carbohydrate preference. Fat intake did not differ between groups at any time during the 8-day test. Despite these dramatic differences in macronutrient selection, total daily caloric intake did not differ between groups except on day 2. Thus controls of food intake related to ongoing metabolic and nutritional requirements may supersede the negative feedback signals related to body fat stores.

Resistive training increases fat-free mass and maintains RMR despite weight loss in postmenopausal women

1995 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 818-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Ryan ◽  
R. E. Pratley ◽  
D. Elahi ◽  
A. P. Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Plasma Norepinephrine ◽  
Resistive Training

Percent body fat increases with age and is often accompanied by a loss in muscle mass, strength, and energy expenditure. The effects of 16 wk of resistive training (RT) alone or with weight loss (RTWL) on strength (isokinetic dynamometer), body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), resting metabolic rate (RMR) (indirect calorimetry), and sympathetic nervous system activity (catecholamines) were examined in 15 postmenopausal women (50–69 yr). RT resulted in significant improvements in upper and lower body strength in both groups (P < 0.01). The nonobese women in the RT group (n = 8) did not change their body weight or fat mass with training. In the obese RTWL group (n = 7), body weight, fat mass, and percent body fat were significantly decreased (P < 0.001). Fat-free mass and RMR significantly increased with training in both groups combined (P < 0.05). There were no significant changes in resting arterialized plasma norepinephrine or epinephrine levels in either group with training. RT increases strength with and without weight loss. Furthermore, RT and RTWL increase fat-free mass and RMR and decrease percent fat in postmenopausal women. Thus, RT may be a valuable component of an integrated weight management program in postmenopausal women.

Influence of Dietary Fat and Carbohydrate on Food Intake, Body Weight and Body Fat of Adult Dogs

1978 ◽  
Vol 157 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Romsos ◽  
M. J. Hornshuh ◽  
G. A. Leveille
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Dietary Fat

Impact of prenatal exercise on neonatal and childhood outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (21) ◽  
pp. 1386-1396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margie H Davenport ◽  
Victoria L Meah ◽  
Stephanie-May Ruchat ◽  
Gregory A Davies ◽  
Rachel J Skow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Prenatal Exercise ◽  
Frequency Intensity

ObjectiveWe aimed to identify the relationship between maternal prenatal exercise and birth complications, and neonatal and childhood morphometric, metabolic and developmental outcomes.DesignSystematic review with random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regression.Data sourcesOnline databases were searched up to 6 January 2017.Study eligibility criteriaStudies of all designs were eligible (except case studies and reviews) if published in English, Spanish or French, and contained information on the relevant population (pregnant women without contraindication to exercise), intervention (subjective/objective measures of frequency, intensity, duration, volume or type of exercise, alone (‘exercise-only’) or in combination with other intervention components (eg, dietary; ‘exercise+cointervention’)), comparator (no exercise or different frequency, intensity, duration, volume, type or trimester of exercise) and outcomes (preterm birth, gestational age at delivery, birth weight, low birth weight (<2500 g), high birth weight (>4000 g), small for gestational age, large for gestational age, intrauterine growth restriction, neonatal hypoglycaemia, metabolic acidosis (cord blood pH, base excess), hyperbilirubinaemia, Apgar scores, neonatal intensive care unit admittance, shoulder dystocia, brachial plexus injury, neonatal body composition (per cent body fat, body weight, body mass index (BMI), ponderal index), childhood obesity (per cent body fat, body weight, BMI) and developmental milestones (including cognitive, psychosocial, motor skills)).ResultsA total of 135 studies (n=166 094) were included. There was ‘high’ quality evidence from exercise-only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) showing a 39% reduction in the odds of having a baby >4000 g (macrosomia: 15 RCTs, n=3670; OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.92) in women who exercised compared with women who did not exercise, without affecting the odds of growth-restricted, preterm or low birth weight babies. Prenatal exercise was not associated with the other neonatal or infant outcomes that were examined.ConclusionsPrenatal exercise is safe and beneficial for the fetus. Maternal exercise was associated with reduced odds of macrosomia (abnormally large babies) and was not associated with neonatal complications or adverse childhood outcomes.

Dietary fat and adiposity: a dose-response relationship in adult male rats fed isocalorically

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (4) ◽  
pp. E546-E550 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. N. Boozer ◽  
G. Schoenbach ◽  
R. L. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
Mesenteric Fat ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body

This study examined the effects of increasing levels of dietary fat fed isocalorically on body weight, body composition, and adipose distribution. Adult male rats were weight matched into four groups. One group that was fed a low-fat diet (12%) served as reference controls. The other three groups were fed diets of 24, 36, or 48% fat in amounts to equal the energy intake of the control group. After 6 wk, body weights of the four groups were not significantly different. Intrascapular brown fat did not differ between groups. Total body fat and adipose depot weights, however, increased in proportion to the level of fat in the diet. Total body fat and retroperitoneal and mesenteric depot weights of the 48% fat group were greater than controls (P < 0.05). Mesenteric fat in this group was also significantly increased over all other groups (P < 0.05). These results show that high-fat diets fed to adult animals cause increased body fat in the absence of significant changes in body weight and that mesenteric fat is increased disproportionately.

scholarly journals SUPPLEMENTATION WITH 2:1 RATIO OF N-6:N-3 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID IMPROVES LIVER STEATOSIS AND SERUM CYTOKINE LEVELS IN YOUNG OBESE BALINESE WOMEN: A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
I Wayan Weta ◽  
Mahadewa Tjokorda Gb ◽  
Wayan P Sutirtayasa ◽  
Anak Agung Ngurah Subawa ◽  
Safarina G Malik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Liver Steatosis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Pufa Ratio ◽  
Tnf Α

  Objectives: In addition to the rise in obesity prevalence globally, morbidity due to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is increasing. Primary modalities for preventing and managing this problem include dietary modification and improved physical activities. A daily diet with a low n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio is suspected to contribute to ameliorating liver steatosis (LS). The present study was conducted to elucidate the effects of an n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio of 2:1 in alleviating LS.Methods: Twenty-four young obese women with LS were recruited from Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. They were randomly allocated to an intervention or control group. Both groups were given linoleic acid:α-linolenic acid at ratios of 2035:970 and 240:100 g, respectively, for 12 weeks. Baseline and end-line data were obtained. All patients were advised to maintain their daily energy intake no more than 1500 kcal and to perform structured physical exercises once a week.Results: The intervention significantly decreased the body fat (body mass index, p=0.040; triglyceride, p=0.008) and serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels (p=0.002) and increased serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels (p=0.004). The severity of LS was reduced through the intervention (odds ratio=0.064; 95% confidence interval=0.013-0.310; p=0.001).Conclusion: An increased intake of 2:1 n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio alleviated LS, decreased body fat composition and serum TNF-α levels, and increased serum IL-10 levels.

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