Fitness Levels of Adult Special Olympic Participants

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 354-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth H. Pitetti ◽  
James A. Jackson ◽  
Nancy B. Stubbs ◽  
Kathryn D. Campbell ◽  
Saraswathy S. Battar
Keyword(s):  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Blood Lipid ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Intensity Level ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Fitness Levels

Comparative and longitudinal studies were performed to determine the effect of Special Olympic activities on the physical fitness of participants. The comparative study compared cardiovascular fitness, percent body fat, and blood lipid profiles of non-Down, mildly mentally retarded adult Special Olympic participants (SOP) with those of nontraining, nonhandicapped (NTNH) and training nonhandicapped (TNH) adults. The results indicated that SOP displayed lower fitness profiles than TNH. Male SOP demonstrated fitness profiles similar to NTNH while female SOP showed lower cardiovascular fitness levels than both TNH and NTNH. The longitudinal study compared cardiovascular fitness and percent body fat of non-Down, mildly mentally retarded adult SOP before and after 4 to 18 months of Special Olympic activities. This latter study showed no significant change in body weight, percent body fat, or cardiovascular fitness during a time period that averaged over 13 months for each participant. The results indicated that the intensity level of activity for the SOP in this study failed to improve physical fitness.

Effects of Reinforcement Based Exercise on Fitness and Work Productivity in Adults with Mental Retardation

1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Croce ◽  
Michael Horvat
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
Percent Body Fat

The present study evaluated the effects of a reinforcement based aerobic and resistance exercise program on three obese men with mental retardation and below average fitness levels. A multiple-baseline-across-subjects design was employed to evaluate treatment effectiveness and retention of treatment effects on five dependent measures: body weight, percent body fat (body composition), oxygen consumption (predicted max V̇O2 in ml/kg/min), composite isometric strength (in kg of force), and work productivity (pieces of work completed). Subjects improved during treatment from their baseline scores on cardiovascular fitness, strength, and work productivity measurements (p<.05); however, retention of gains made during treatment were inconsistent and the data that indicated subjects’ scores were regressing back toward baseline measurements. There were no significant differences for body weight and percent body fat measurements for treatment and retention phases (p>.05). Results indicated that adults with mental retardation respond to a progressive exercise program in much the same manner as their nonretarded peers and that such an exercise program can facilitate job performance.

Physical Activity, Fitness, and Physical Self-Concept in Adolescent Females

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genevieve Fridlund Dunton ◽  
Margaret Schneider ◽  
Dan J. Graham ◽  
Dan M. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
Adolescent Females ◽  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Percent Body Fat

Cross-sectional research examined whether physical activity or physical fitness was more closely linked to physical self-concept in adolescent females ages 14 to 17 (N = 103, 63% Caucasian). Moderate physical activity and vigorous physical activity were measured through a 3-day physical activity recall. Physical fitness was assessed using highly accurate measures of peak oxygen consumption (via cycle ergometer) and percent body fat (via dual X-ray absorptiometer). The Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ) assessed self-concept in 11 domains (e.g., health, endurance, appearance). Pearson’s correlations showed that vigorous physical activity was positively associated with scores on most of the PSDQ scales (p < .005). Peak oxygen consumption was positively related to all of the selfconcept domains (p < .001), and percent body fat was negatively related on most of the PSDQ scales (p < .005). Multiple-regression analyses found that physical fitness (i.e., peak oxygen consumption and percent body fat) was more closely related to physical self-concept than was physical activity. In addition to the possibility that genetically determined fitness levels may influence physical selfconcept, these findings suggest that programs designed to elevate self-perceptions may require physical activity levels sufficient to improve cardiovascular fitness and decrease body fat.

Congruence of Three Risk Indices for Obesity in a Population of Adults with Mental Retardation

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Rimmer ◽  
David Braddock ◽  
Glenn Fujiura
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Blood Lipid ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Excess Weight ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Percent Body Fat

A body mass index (BMI) greater than 27 has been cited as a risk factor for heart disease and diabetes mellitus resulting from excess weight. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between BMI (>27) and two other obesity indices–height-weight and percent body fat–as well as to investigate the relationship between BMI and three blood lipid parameters–total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in 329 adults with mental retardation (MR). Males were significantly taller and heavier than females, but females had a significantly higher BMI. Kendall’s Tau-C revealed a significant association between BMI and each of the following: height-weight, percent body fat, LDL-C, and HDL-C. However, there were a significant number of false negatives and false positives on each of the criteria. The congruence between at-risk BMI and two other obesity parameters (height-weight and percent body fat) in a population of adults with MR is not strong. Professionals should employ the BMI along with skinfold measures to assess a person’s at-risk status for excess weight.

Physical Fitness of Trained Runners with and without Mild Mental Retardation

1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgia C. Frey ◽  
Jeffrey A. McCubbin ◽  
Steve Hannigan-Downs ◽  
Susan L Kasser ◽  
Steven O. Skaggs
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Mild Mental Retardation ◽  
Lower Back ◽  
Hamstring Flexibility ◽  
Trained Runners

The purpose of this study was to compare physical fitness levels of trained runners with mild mental retardation (MMR) (7 males and 2 females, age = 28.7 ± 7.4 years, weight = 67.0 ± 11.7 kg) and those without (7 males and 2 females, age = 29.1 ± 7.5, weight = 68.7 ± 8.8 kg). Paired t tests revealed no differences between runners with and without MMR on measures of V̇O2peak (56.3 ± 9.1 vs. 57.7 ± 4.1 ml · kg-1 · min-1), percent body fat (16.6 ± 8.4 vs. 16.6 ± 3.1), and lower back/hamstring flexibility (33.1 ± 10.9 vs. 28.6 ± 10.1 cm). Knee flexion (KF) and extension (KE) strength were significantly greater in runners without MMR compared to those with MMR (KF peak torque = 65.7 ±7.9 vs. 48.7 ± 15.7 ft/lb; KE peak torque = 138.5 ± 17.7 vs. 104.4 ± 29.9 ft/lb). It was concluded that trained runners with MMR can achieve high levels of physical fitness comparable to individuals without MMR.

Correlation of handgrip strength and cardiovascular fitness with percent body fat in Singapore adolescents

2018 ◽  
Vol 177 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Govindasamy Balasekaran ◽  
Peggy Boey ◽  
Stanley S. Hui ◽  
Visvasuresh V. Govindaswamy ◽  
Yew C. Ng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
Percent Body Fat

Field Testing: Assessing the Physical Fitness of Mildly Mentally Retarded Individuals

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 318-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth H. Pitetti ◽  
Jeffrey E. Fernandez ◽  
David C. Pizarro ◽  
Nancy B. Stubbs
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Assessment Protocol ◽  
Hand Grip ◽  
Fitness Assessment

This study set out to develop a simple field testing protocol for evaluating the aerobic capacity, forearm isometric strength, and percent body fat of mentally retarded individuals (MRI). A total of 33 (MR) (M IQ=68) subjects (26 males, 7 females) ranging in age from 12 to 49 years participated in this study. A submaximal exercise test using the Schwinn Air-Dyne ergometer was used to estimate aerobic capacity (V̇O2max). Forearm strength was determined by using a hand grip isometric dynamometer. Percent body fat (%BF) was determined by the skinfold method and bioelectrical impedance. All 33 MR subjects who were tested successfully completed the fitness assessment protocol. Correlation coefficients for directly measured versus estimated V̇O2 max and test-retest for forearm strength for 10 of the subjects was .91 and .95, respectively. Slight variations were seen in the methods used to determine %BF. Based on these statistics, it is recommended that the protocol used in this study be considered by those involved in the physical education or training of MRI.

A Practical Method for Estimating Percent Body Fat of Adult Mentally Retarded Males

1987 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke E. Kelly ◽  
James H. Rimmer
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Prediction Equation ◽  
Stepwise Multiple Regression ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Criterion Measure ◽  
The Stability ◽  
New Equation

The subjects were 170 moderately and severely mentally retarded men who were divided into two groups. The first group was used to formulate a new prediction equation and the second group was used to cross-validate and ascertain the stability of the derived equation. The prediction equation, employing waist and forearm circumferences, height and weight as predictors, and estimated percent body fat calculated by the generalized regression equation of Jackson and Pollock (1978) as the criterion measure, was formulated using a stepwise multiple regression analysis. A multiple R value of .86 was obtained for the derived equation with a standard error of estimate value of 3.35. The equation was cross-validated on the second sample to ascertain its stability. An r of .81 and a standard error of estimate of 4.41 was obtained between the subjects’ estimated percent body fat, using the new equation, and the criterion measure. This simplified equation provides practitioners with an accurate, reliable, and inexpensive method of estimating percent body fat for adult mentally retarded males.

Obesity Levels in Institutionalized Mentally Retarded Adults

1986 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke E. Kelly ◽  
James H. Rimmer ◽  
Richard A. Ness
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
State School ◽  
Body Density ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Male Subjects

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the percent body fat of 553 institutionalized mentally retarded adults, ages 18 to 40 yrs, from the Denton State School in Texas. The subjects included 343 males and 210 females. Their percent body fat was estimated with generalized regression equations. Body density for males was measured by the sum of three skinfolds, two girths, and age. Body density for females was measured by the sum of three skinfolds and age. The results from this study revealed that 45.2% of the males and 50.5% of the females were obese. The percent body fat of the female subjects was significantly greater than that of the male subjects. A post hoc analysis revealed that profoundly mentally retarded subjects had significantly lower percent body fat than those subjects functioning at the severe and mild levels. These findings indicate a serious need for more investigation of the caloric intake and expenditure of this population in an institutional environment.

scholarly journals Relationship between Smartphone Use Time, Sitting Time, and Fitness Level in University Students

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-177
Author(s):  
Jun-Il Yoo ◽  
Jinkyung Cho ◽  
Kyung-Wan Baek ◽  
Min-Ho Kim ◽  
Ji-Seok Kim
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
University Students ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Sitting Time ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Fitness Level ◽  
Smartphone Use

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of smartphone use time, sitting time, and fitness level in university students.METHODS: The participants of this study were 237 healthy university students (157 males and 80 females) enrolled from 2017 to 2018. The smartphone use time was divided into three groups: 0-4, ≥4-10, and ≥10 hours, as was the sitting time: 0-4, 4-7, and ≥7 hours. Binary logistic regression was used to calculate the odd ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of the smartphone use time and sitting time for having low levels of fitness.RESULTS: There were linear decreases in physical fitness levels across incremental smartphone use time and sitting time. Compared to the smartphone use time for 0-4 hours (reference), smartphone use time for the ≥4-10 hours (OR=2.498; 95% CI=1.007-6.197; <i>p</i>=.048) or the 10≥group (OR=3.516; 95% CI=1.228-10.064; <i>p</i>=.019) had significantly higher ORs of having lower fitness even after adjustments for age, sex, physical activity and percent body fat. Likewise, logistic regression analyses showed that those who had sitting time for ≥7 hours (OR=3.135; 95% CI=1.155-8.512; <i>p</i>=.025) had significantly higher ORs of having lower fitness even after adjustments for age, sex, physical activity, and percent body fat, as compared with those who had sitting time for 0-<4 hours.CONCLUSIONS: The current finding suggest that the smartphone using time and sitting time were associated with having the risk of lower level of physical fitness in university students.

scholarly journals Hubungan komposisi tubuh dengan kesegaran jasmani pada atlet hockey

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nandita Nury Latifah ◽  
Ani Margawati ◽  
Ayu Rahadiyanti
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Spearman Test

Komposisi tubuh yang tidak optimal dapat menurunkan kesegaran jasmani atlet sehingga dapat terjadi penurunan performa ketika bertanding. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan persen lemak tubuh, persen massa otot, dan somatotype dengan kesegaran jasmani pada atlet hockey. Desain penelitian yaitu cross-sectional dengan jumlah subjek 35 atlet di Pelatihan Hockey Universitas Negeri Semarang dan Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta yang dipilih dengan purposive sampling. Data persen lemak tubuh dan persen massa otot diukur menggunakan bioelectrical impedence analysis (BIA). Data somatotype menggunakan metode antropometri Heath-Carter dan data kesegaran jasmani berupa nilai VO2max diambil menggunakan metode Balke. Analisis data menggunakan uji Pearson, Rank Spearman dan uji regresi linier. Sebagian besar atlet hockey (54,3%) memiliki nilai VO2max dengan kategori baik. Nilai persen lemak tubuh terendah 6,8% dan nilai tertinggi 35%. Nilai persen massa otot terendah 23,9% dan nilai tertinggi 40,9%. Nilai rata-rata dari nilai endomorph, mesomorph, dan ectomorph adalah (-0,04)±0,3; 4,2±0,9; dan 2,3±1,2. Ada hubungan yang signifikan antara persen lemak tubuh (p<0,001), persen massa otot (p<0,001), nilai endomorph (p<0,001), dan nilai ectomorph (p=0,016) dengan nilai VO2max. Variabel yang paling berkaitan dengan nilai VO2max adalah persen lemak (p<0,001). Correlation of body composition with physical fitness of hockey athletes AbstractSuboptimal body composition could reduce the physical fitness and performance of athletes. This study analyzed the relationship of percent body fat, percent muscle mass and somatotype on physical fitness in hockey athletes. This study was a cross-sectional study with 35 athletes in Pelatihan Hockey Universitas Negeri Semarang and Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta which selected by purposive sampling. Percent body fat and percent muscle mass were measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Somatotype measurement used the anthropometric Heath-Carter method and physical fitness (VO2max) measurement by the Balke method. Data were analyzed using the Pearson test, Rank-Spearman test, and Linear Regression test. Most hockey athletes (54.3%) had good VO2max value. The lowest percentage of body fat was 6.8%. The highest percentage of muscle mass was 40.9%. The average value of the endomorph, mesomorph, and ectomorph values were (-0.04) ± 0.3; 4.2 ± 0,9; and 2.3 ± 1.2.  There were a significant relationship between percent body fat (p <0.001), percent muscle mass (p <0.001), endomorph value (p <0.001), and ectomorph value (p = 0.016) with VO2max value. Percent of body fat was the most related variable to VO2max (p<0.001).

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