Energy Balance and Luteal Phase Progesterone Levels in Elite Adolescent Aesthetic Athletes

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen J. Reading ◽  
Linda J. McCargar ◽  
Vicki J. Harber
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Pubertal Maturation ◽  
Dietary Energy Intake ◽  
Age Of Menarche

Menstrual abnormalities are associated with negative energy balance and reduced energy expenditure (REE). To examine this relationship in elite adolescent aesthetic athletes, 3 groups of females (aged 15-18 years) were studied: 10 oligo/amenorrheic athletes (OA), 11 eumenorrheic athletes (EA), and 8 non-athlete controls (C). Components of energy balance, body composition, dietary restraint, pubertal maturation, and luteal phase salivary progesterone were assessed in all groups. Both groups of athletes had a later age of menarche and lowerpubertal development score compared to the non-athletes (p < .05). With the exception of salivary progesterone (ng/ml; OA = 0.15±0.01 <EA = 0.29± 0.1 and C = 0.30 ± 0.13, /p = .007), there were no differences between the athlete groups. Energy balance (kcal/d) in the OA group was lower (−290 ± 677) compared to either EA (−5±461) or C (179 ± 592) but did not reach significance (p = .24). Dietary energy intake and absolute REE (kcal/d) were not different among groups, despite detectable differences in reproductive status, and thus could not be attributed to differences in energy balance or REE.

Energy expenditure climbing Mt. Everest

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 1815-1819 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Westerterp ◽  
B. Kayser ◽  
F. Brouns ◽  
J. P. Herry ◽  
W. H. Saris
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
The Alps

Weight loss is a well-known phenomenon at high altitude. It is not clear whether the negative energy balance is due to anorexia only or an increased energy expenditure as well. The objective of this study was to gain insight into this matter by measuring simultaneously energy intake, energy expenditure, and body composition during an expedition to Mt. Everest. Subjects were two women and three men between 31 and 42 yr of age. Two subjects were observed during preparation at high altitude, including a 4-day stay in the Alps (4,260 m), and subsequently during four daytime stays in a hypobaric chamber (5,600–7,000 m). Observations at high altitude on Mt. Everest covered a 7- to 10-day interval just before the summit was reached in three subjects and included the summit (8,872 m) in a fourth. Energy intake (EI) was measured with a dietary record, average daily metabolic rate (ADMR) with doubly labeled water, and resting metabolic rate (RMR) with respiratory gas analysis. Body composition was measured before and after the interval from body mass, skinfold thickness, and total body water. Subjects were in negative energy balance (-5.7 +/- 1.9 MJ/day) in both situations, during the preparation in the Alps and on Mt. Everest. The loss of fat mass over the observation intervals was 1.4 +/- 0.7 kg, on average two-thirds of the weight loss (2.2 +/- 1.5 kg), and was significantly correlated with the energy deficit (r = 0.84, P < 0.05). EI on Mt. Everest was 9–13% lower than during the preparation in the Alps.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Energy Balance and Energy Availability During a Selection Course for Belgian Paratroopers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Mullie ◽  
Pieter Maes ◽  
Laurens van Veelen ◽  
Damien Van Tiggelen ◽  
Peter Clarys
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Rest Metabolic Rate ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Availability

ABSTRACT Introduction Adequate energy supply is a prerequisite for optimal performances and recovery. The aims of the present study were to estimate energy balance and energy availability during a selection course for Belgian paratroopers. Methods Energy expenditure by physical activity was measured with accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X+, ActiGraph LLC, Pensacola, FL, USA) and rest metabolic rate in Cal.d−1 with Tinsley et al.’s equation based on fat-free mass = 25.9 × fat-free mass in kg + 284. Participants had only access to the French individual combat rations of 3,600 Cal.d−1, and body fat mass was measured with quadripolar impedance (Omron BF508, Omron, Osaka, Japan). Energy availability was calculated by the formula: ([energy intake in foods and beverages] − [energy expenditure physical activity])/kg FFM−1.d−1, with FFM = fat-free mass. Results Mean (SD) age of the 35 participants was 25.1 (4.18) years, and mean (SD) percentage fat mass was 12.0% (3.82). Mean (SD) total energy expenditure, i.e., the sum of rest metabolic rate, dietary-induced thermogenesis, and physical activity, was 5,262 Cal.d−1 (621.2), with percentile 25 at 4,791 Cal.d−1 and percentile 75 at 5,647 Cal.d−1, a difference of 856 Cal.d−1. Mean daily energy intake was 3,600 Cal.d−1, giving a negative energy balance of 1,662 (621.2) Cal.d−1. Mean energy availability was 9.3 Cal.kg FFM−1.d−1. Eleven of the 35 participants performed with a negative energy balance of 2,000 Cal.d−1, and only five participants out of 35 participants performed at a less than 1,000 Cal.d−1 negative energy balance level. Conclusions Energy intake is not optimal as indicated by the negative energy balance and the low energy availability, which means that the participants to this selection course had to perform in suboptimal conditions.

Abstract P022: Determinants of Energy Balance: Differences Related to Body Weight and Body Composition

Circulation ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 127 (suppl_12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory A Hand ◽  
Robin P Shook ◽  
Jason R Jaggers ◽  
Amanda Paluch ◽  
Vivek K Prasad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Lean Group

Conversion, utilization and storage of energy in the regulation of energy balance is poorly understood. These misconceptions arise from confusion related to energy balance and its impact on body weight and composition, and can bias the interpretation of findings that are important for the development of policies addressing the obesity epidemic. PURPOSE: Our purpose was to examine the regulation of interactions between total daily energy intake (TDEI) and energy expenditure (TDEE) in healthy adults. METHODS: Adults not limited by gender, race or ethnicity (n=430; aged 21 to 40; BMI of 20 to 35) participated in a battery of physiological, anthropomorphic, behavioral and psychological measurements that are associated with energy balance regulation. The primary components of energy balance regulation (TDEI and TDEE) were measured by 3 random 24-hour dietary recalls and SenseWear accelerometry, respectively. Body composition was determined by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Absolute and relative resting metabolic rates (aRMR and rRMR) were determined through hooded indirect calorimetry. General linear modeling was used to examine the relationships of weight and body fatness with TDEI and macronutrient composition as well as the largest components of TDEE including aRMR, rRMR and physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE). In addition, data were compared between participants with a healthy body fat % (below 25; n=123) and obese (at or above 30%; n=241). RESULTS: All results were adjusted for age, gender and race. TDEE was positively associated (r=.47, p<.001) with TDEI. There was a positive association between aRMR (L/min) and weight (r=.743, p<.001). By contrast, rRMR (ml/kg/min) was inversely correlated with body weight (r= -.38; p<.001). TDEI was significantly higher in the lean group (2465±66 to 1878±42, p<.001) with no measureable differences in macronutrient percentages. The lean group had a higher TDEE and PAEE as compared to the obese group. CONCLUSIONS: There was a robust matching of TDEI and TDEE across weight and body composition ranges. Heavy people burned more calories than lighter people although the lighter individuals had a higher rRMR. The leaner group had a higher TDEI, reflecting a potential regulation based on the greater TDEE in this group. Further, the increased TDEE could be explained by the higher PAEE (approximately 500 kcal) in leaner individuals. These findings emphasize that energy expenditure is related to mass rather than body composition. The regulation of energy intake and body composition is multifactorial, with PAEE a significant determinant for energy storage. This study was funded through an unrestricted grant from The Coca-Cola Company.

scholarly journals Energy balance dynamics during short-term high-intensity functional training

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew M. Schubert ◽  
Elyse A. Palumbo
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽  
Functional Training ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Activity Energy

CrossFit (CF; CrossFit Inc., Washington, DC, USA) is a form of high-intensity functional training that focuses on training across the entire spectrum of physical fitness. CF has been shown to improve a number of indicators of health but little information assessing energy balance exists. The purpose of the present study was to investigate energy balance during 1 week of CF training. Men and women (n = 21; mean ± SD; age, 43.5 ± 8.4 years; body mass index, 27.8 ± 4.9 kg·m−2), with ≥3 months CF experience, had body composition assessed via air displacement plethysmography before and after 1 week of CF training. Participants wore ActiHeart monitors to assess total energy expenditure (TEE), activity energy expenditure, and CF energy expenditure (CF EE). Energy intake was assessed from TEE and Δ body composition. CF EE averaged 605 ± 219 kcal per 72 ± 10 min session. Weekly CF EE was 2723 ± 986 kcal. Participants were in an energy deficit (TEE: 3674 ± 855 kcal·day−1; energy intake: 3167 ± 1401 kcal·day−1). Results of the present study indicate that CF training can account for a significant portion of daily activity energy expenditure. The weekly expenditure is within levels shown to induce clinically meaningful weight loss in overweight/obese populations.

Metabolic interactions between surplus dietary energy intake and cigarette smoking or its cessation

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (6) ◽  
pp. E1023-E1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Neese ◽  
N. L. Benowitz ◽  
R. Hoh ◽  
D. Faix ◽  
A. LaBua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Excess Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Ad Libitum

Cigarette smoking (CS) alters lipid metabolism and is associated clinically with an atherogenic lipid profile. We recently showed that, under controlled eucaloric dietary conditions, CS stimulates lipolysis without increasing oxidation of fat and that cessation of CS does not result in a rebound tendency to synthesize or store fat. We asked here whether the ad libitum intake of surplus dietary energy interacts with the metabolic effects of CS or its cessation. Eight male heavy smokers were allowed ad libitum food intake in a metabolic ward, 1 wk in CS phase and 1 wk in non-CS phase, followed by 4 wk of outpatient non-CS and a repeat 7-day study. De novo hepatic lipogenesis (DNL), lipolysis, substrate cycling of free fatty acids (FFA), hepatic glucose production, and energy expenditure were measured by using a multiple stable-isotope infusion protocol and indirect calorimetry. Surplus dietary energy intake (> 150% of predicted energy needs) occurred in five of eight subjects (2 subjs > 5,500 kcal/day, 3 subjs > 4,000 kcal/day) with weight gain of 1–4 kg/wk, but with no difference between CS and non-CS phases. Acute CS significantly increased (P < 0.05) serum FFA concentrations (58%), FFA flux (63%), and glycerol flux (36%); nonsignificantly increased extra-adipocyte (hepatic) esterification of FFA (125%, P = 0.10) and resting energy expenditure (4.1%, P = 0.22); and did not change adipocyte reesterification of FFA or whole body oxidation of fat. Basal metabolic parameters (after overnight abstention from CS) did not differ between phases. Fractional DNL correlated significantly with excess energy intake (r2 = 0.39) and with percentage of total energy needs provided by carbohydrate (r2 = 0.47). The absence or presence of CS did not affect the increase in fractional DNL in subjects with excess energy intake, however. We conclude that cessation of CS does not result in a rebound tendency to synthesis or storage of fat, even in the presence of positive short-term energy balance, contrary to previous suggestions. Moreover, stimulation of lipolysis by CS does not increase oxidation of fat and thereby protect against fat deposition under conditions of surplus energy intake. The prevention of weight gain after cessation of CS, whether or not nicotine is provided, should focus on energy balance (calorigenesis as well as intake) rather than specific alterations in lipid metabolism.

scholarly journals Maternal adiposity and energy balance after normotensive and preeclamptic pregnancies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah L McLennan ◽  
Amanda Henry ◽  
Lynne M Roberts ◽  
Sai S Siritharan ◽  
Melissa Ojurovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Postpartum Period ◽  
Food Diary ◽  
Lifestyle Behaviour ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background Preeclampsia is a major pregnancy complication associated with long-term maternal cardiometabolic disease. Research generally is focused on metabolic and pathophysiological changes during pregnancy, however, there is much less focus on the early postpartum period in subjects who suffered preeclampsia. The aim of this study was to (a) characterise energy intake and expenditure six months following normotensive and preeclamptic pregnancies, and (b) examine associations between energy balance, body composition, insulin resistance measures (HOMA-IR), and clinical characteristics. Design A cross-sectional study six months following normotensive (n=75) and preeclamptic (n=22) pregnancies was performed. Metabolic measurements included: anthropometrics measures, body composition via bioelectrical impedance analysis, 24-hour energy expenditure via SenseWear Armbands, energy intake via a three-day food diary, and serum metabolic parameters. Results Six months following preeclampsia, women had a significantly higher weight (77.3±20.9kg versus 64.5±11.4kg, p=0.01), fat mass percentage (FM%) (40.7±7.4% versus 34.9±8.1%, p=0.004), and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR 2.2±1.5 versus 1.0±0.7, p=0.003), as well as reduced HDL levels (1.5±0.4 mmol/L versus 1.8±0.4 mmol/L, p=0.01) compared to normotensive women. Women post-preeclampsia had lower activity-related energy expenditure (p=0.02) but a decreased total energy intake (p=0.02), leading to a more negative energy balance compared to their normotensive counterparts (-1,942 kJ/24-hours versus -480 kJ/24-hours; p=0.02). Conclusion Increases in insulin resistance and FM%, reduced HDL, and more sedentary lifestyles characterise the postpartum period following preeclamptic compared with normotensive pregnancies. Early post-preeclampsia interventions, such as lifestyle behaviour change, should be implemented and assessed to determine whether they reduce long-term cardiometabolic risk in women who experienced preeclampsia during pregnancy.

scholarly journals Energy intake, physical activity and body weight: a simulation model

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaas R. Westerterp ◽  
Jeroen H. H. L. M. Donkers ◽  
Elisabeth W. H. M. Fredrix ◽  
Piet oekhoudt
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass

In adults, body mass (BM) and its components fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) are normally regulated at a constant level. Changes in FM and FFM are dependent on energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE). The body defends itself against an imbalance between EI and EE by adjusting, within limits, the one to the other. When, at a given EI or EE, energy balance cannot be reached, FM and FFM will change, eventually resulting in an energy balance at a new value. A model is described which simulates changes in FM and FFM using EI and physical activity (PA) as input variables. EI can be set at a chosen value or calculated from dietary intake with a database on the net energy of foods. PA can be set at a chosen multiple of basal metabolic rate (BMR) or calculated from the activity budget with a database on the energy cost of activities in multiples of BMR. BMR is calculated from FFM and FM and, if necessary, FFM is calculated from BM, height, sex and age, using empirical equations. The model uses existing knowledge on the adaptation of energy expenditure (EE) to an imbalance between EI and EE, and to resulting changes in FM and FFM. Mobilization and storage of energy as FM and FFM are functions of the relative size of the deficit (EI/EE) and of the body composition. The model was validated with three recent studies measuring EE at a fixed EI during an interval with energy restriction, overfeeding and exercise training respectively. Discrepancies between observed and simulated changes in energy stores were within the measurement precision of EI, EE and body composition. Thus the consequences of a change in dietary intake or a change in physical activity on body weight and body composition can be simulated.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document