scholarly journals Post-Exercise Sweat Loss Estimation Accuracy of Athletes and Physically Active Adults: A Review

Sports ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Eric O’Neal ◽  
Tara Boy ◽  
Brett Davis ◽  
Kelly Pritchett ◽  
Robert Pritchett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Loss Estimation ◽  
Qualitative Description ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Sweat Loss ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Collective Data ◽  
Active Adults

The main purposes of this review were to provide a qualitative description of nine investigations in which sweat losses were estimated by participants following exercise and to perform a quantitative analysis of the collective data. Unique estimations (n = 297) were made by 127 men and 116 women after a variety of exercise modalities in moderate to hot environmental conditions. Actual sweat loss exceeded estimated sweat loss (p < 0.001) for women (1.072 ± 0.473 vs. 0.481 ± 0.372 L), men (1.778 ± 0.907 vs. 0.908 ± 0.666 L) and when all data were combined (1.428 ± 0.806 vs. 0.697 ± 0.581 L), respectively. However, estimation accuracy did not differ between women (55.2 ± 51.5%) and men (62.4 ± 54.5%). Underestimation of 50% or more of sweat losses were exhibited in 168 (54%) of estimation scenarios with heavier sweaters displaying a higher prevalence and trend of greater underestimations in general. Most modern guidelines for fluid intake during and between training bouts are based on approximate sweat loss estimation knowledge. These guidelines will likely have minimal efficacy if greater awareness of how to determine sweat losses and accurate recognition of sweat losses is not increased by coaches and athletes.

Estimated Sweat Loss, Fluid and Carbohydrate Intake, and Sodium Balance of Male Major Junior, AHL, and NHL Players During On-Ice Practices

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 612-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander S.D. Gamble ◽  
Jessica L. Bigg ◽  
Tyler F. Vermeulen ◽  
Stephanie M. Boville ◽  
Greg S. Eskedjian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
National Hockey League ◽  
Sweat Loss ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Sodium Loss ◽  
Urine Loss

Several previous studies have reported performance decrements in team sport athletes who dehydrated approximately 1.5–2% of their body mass (BM) through sweating. This study measured on-ice sweat loss, fluid intake, sodium balance, and carbohydrate (CHO) intake of 77 major junior (JR; 19 ± 1 years), 60 American Hockey League (AHL; 24 ± 4 years), and 77 National Hockey League (NHL; 27 ± 5 years) players. Sweat loss was calculated from pre- to post-exercise BM plus fluid intake minus urine loss. AHL (2.03 ± 0.62 L/hr) and NHL (2.02 ± 0.74 L/hr) players had higher sweat rates (p < .05) than JR players (1.63 ± 0.58 L/hr). AHL (1.23 ± 0.69%; p = .006) and NHL (1.29% ± 0.63%; p < .001) players had ∼30% greater BM losses than JR players (0.89% ± 0.57%). There was no difference in fluid intake between groups (p > .05). Sodium deficits (sodium loss − intake) were greater (p < .05) in AHL (1.68 ± 0.74 g/hr) and NHL (1.56 ± 0.84 g/hr) players compared with JR players (1.01 ± 0.50 g/hr). CHO intake was similar between groups (14–20 g CHO/hr), with 29%, 32%, and 40% of JR, AHL, and NHL players consuming no CHO, respectively. In summary, sweat rates were high in all players, but the majority of players (74/77, 54/60, and 68/77 of JR, AHL, and NHL, respectively) avoided mild dehydration (>2% BM) during 60 min of practice. However, ∼15%, 41%, and 48% of the JR, AHL, and NHL players, respectively, may have reached mild dehydration and increased risk of performance decrements in a 90-min practice.

scholarly journals Reliability of the Urine Lactate Concentration After Alternating-Intensity Interval Exercise

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis Kosmidis ◽  
Stefanos Nikolaidis ◽  
Alexandros Chatzis ◽  
Kosmas Christoulas ◽  
Thomas Metaxas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Interval Exercise ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Active Adults

Aim: Our previous studies have shown that the post-exercise urine lactate concentration is a reliable exercise biomarker under controlled post-exercise hydration conditions. However, the reliability of the urine lactate concentration has been examined only after brief maximal exercise. As a result, there is no information about the reliability of this biomarker after prolonged submaximal exercise. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine the reliability of the urine lactate concentration after interval exercise of alternating intensity under controlled or ad libitum hydration during exercise. Material & Method: Twenty-eight physically active adults (16 men and 12 women) performed three identical 45-min running tests (2 sets of 22.5 min with 3 min rest interval) on the treadmill with alternating speed and inclination at 19–24 °C, spaced three days apart. The participants drank the same amount of water during exercise in two of tests and ad libitum in the other test, in random, counterbalanced order. Blood samples were collected before exercise and 1, 3, as well as 5 min post-exercise. The highest lactate value among the post-exercise samples of each individual was recorded as his/her peak post-exercise value. Urine samples were collected before exercise and 10 as well as 60 min post-exercise and the average value of the post-exercise samples was recorded. Blood and urine lactate were analyzed spectrophotometrically. Results: The peak post-exercise blood lactate concentration was 5.5 1.7 mmol/L (mean SD throughout) for men and 4.7 1.8 mmol/L for women. The post-exercise urine lactate concentration was 1.6 1.0 mmol/L for men and 1.5 1.0 mmol/L for women. The reliability of the blood lactate concentration at the three tests was high (ICC 077–0.88), being higher under controlled hydration. However, the reliability of the urine lactate concentration was low or non-significant (ICC 0.29–0.36). Conclusions: The urine lactate concentration after prolonged submaximal exercise was lower than the corresponding blood lactate concentration and showed unsatisfactory reliability regardless of the hydration pattern during exercise. Thus, it cannot be used as a biomarker for this kind of exercise.

scholarly journals Achieving Optimal Post-Exercise Muscle Protein Remodeling in Physically Active Adults through Whole Food Consumption

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan van Vliet ◽  
Joseph Beals ◽  
Isabel Martinez ◽  
Sarah Skinner ◽  
Nicholas Burd
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Protein Remodeling ◽  
Exercise Muscle ◽  
Active Adults

scholarly journals PL - 029 Responses of Urine and Blood Biochemical Markers to Exercise-induced Body Fluid Losses in Elite Chinese Road Cyclists

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Han ◽  
Jinde Fu ◽  
Jing Shao ◽  
Qirong Wang ◽  
Zilong Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Muscle Injury ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Fluid Replacement ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Performance Tests ◽  
Sweat Loss ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Exercise Induced

Objective To examine biochemistry parameters regarding exercise induced fatigue, e.g. Sweat Loss (SL), Creatine Kinase (CK), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Blood Urinary Nitrogen (BUN), etc. Methods This study examined Sweat Loss and blood biochemistry biomarkers regarding fatigue and muscle injury among elite cyclists under a training mode of 120 min moderate workload at 50 - 70% VO2max, then, 10 min relaxation, and then, followed up with a 20 min of spinning session over 85% VO2max. 12 healthy elite Chinese male cyclists (22.6 ± 2.9 years old, 78.3 ± 5.7 kg in weight, 184.6 ± 4.3 cm in height) were recruited. They performed four exercise performance tests throughout this study with 15 days washout period in between. Blood serum tests and urine tests were taken both pre- and post-exercise tests, and dynamic cardio-respiratory hardware (MetaMax 3B, Cortex Biophysik, Germany) was applied during each of their test. There were 2 different sport beverages available. The fluid replacement plan was a double blind crossover design. The volume of fluid intake was in accordance with ACSM recommendation for fluid replacement. Those who were assigned with sport beverage A (6% carbohydrate with 1% peptide) for the first and second performance tests, will be re-assigned to sport beverage B (6% carbohydrate without peptide) for the third and fourth performance tests, vice versa. Notes were taken for the volume of fluid intake to calculate the estimated Sweat Loss. Results We found 91.7% trials have increased LDH, 88.9% trials have increased CK, and 100% trials have been observed increased BUN right after exercise performance test. Even with sufficient water supply, athletes hydration status were getting worse after exercise performance test, their urine USG results were 1.024 ± 0.006 and 1.027 ± 0.006 for pre- and post-exercise performance test respectively. Their dehydration status quantified by the percentage change in body mass (%BM) was 1.86% ± 1.03% with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 1.57% to 2.15%. Conclusions Though, with sufficient water supply, athletes hydration status were getting worse after exercise performance test considering Sweat Loss and blood biochemistry indicators regarding fatigue and muscle injury.

Runners Greatly Underestimate Sweat Losses Before and After a 1-hr Summer Run

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 353-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric K. O’Neal ◽  
Brett A. Davis ◽  
Lauren K. Thigpen ◽  
Christina R. Caufield ◽  
Anthony D. Horton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Volume Of Fluid ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Sweat Loss ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Loss Calculation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Globe Temperature

The purpose of this study was to determine how accurately runners estimate their sweat losses. Male (n = 19) and female (n = 20) runners (41 ± 10 yr, VO2max 57 ± 9 ml · kg−1 · min−1) from the southeastern U.S. completed an ~1-hr run during late summer on a challenging outdoor road course (wet bulb globe temperature 24.1 ± 1.5 °C). Runs began at ~6:45 a.m. or p.m. Before and after running, participants filled race-aid-station paper cups with a volume of fluid they felt would be equivalent to their sweat losses. Total sweat losses and losses by percent body weight differed (p < .01) between men (1,797 ± 449 ml, 2.3% ± 0.6%) and women (1,155 ± 258 ml, 1.9% ± 0.4%). Postrun estimates (738 ± 470 ml) were lower (p < .001) than sweat losses (1,468 ± 484 ml), equaling underestimations of 50% ± 23%, with no differences in estimation accuracy by percentage between genders. Runners who reported measuring changes in pre- and postrun weight to assess sweat losses within the previous month (n = 9, –54% ± 18%) were no more accurate (p = .55) than runners who had not (n = 30, –48% ± 24%). These results suggest that inadequate fluid intake during runs or between runs may stem from underestimations of sweat losses and that runners who do assess sweat-loss changes may be making sweat-loss calculation errors or do not accurately translate changes in body weight to physical volumes of water.

scholarly journals Sex differences in the intensity and qualitative dimensions of exertional dyspnea in physically active young adults

2015 ◽  
Vol 119 (9) ◽  
pp. 998-1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia M. Cory ◽  
Michele R. Schaeffer ◽  
Sabrina S. Wilkie ◽  
Andrew H. Ramsook ◽  
Joseph H. Puyat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Peak Exercise ◽  
Breathing Patterns ◽  
Work Effort ◽  
Exertional Dyspnea ◽  
Lung Volumes ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Shallow Breathing ◽  
Active Adults

Understanding sex differences in the qualitative dimensions of exertional dyspnea may provide insight into why women are more affected by this symptom than men. This study explored the evolution of the qualitative dimensions of dyspnea in 70 healthy, young, physically active adults (35 M and 35 F). Participants rated the intensity of their breathing discomfort (Borg 0-10 scale) and selected phrases that best described their breathing from a standardized list (work/effort, unsatisfied inspiration, and unsatisfied expiration) throughout each stage of a symptom-limited incremental-cycle exercise test. Following exercise, participants selected phrases that described their breathing at maximal exercise from a list of 15 standardized phrases. Intensity of breathing discomfort was significantly higher in women for a given ventilation, but differences disappeared when ventilation was expressed as a percentage of maximum voluntary ventilation. The dominant qualitative descriptor in both sexes throughout exercise was increased work/effort of breathing. At peak exercise, women were significantly more likely to select the following phrases: “my breathing feels shallow,” “I cannot get enough air in,” “I cannot take a deep breath in,” and “my breath does not go in all the way.” Women adopted a more rapid and shallow breathing pattern and had significantly higher end-inspiratory lung volumes relative to total lung capacity throughout exercise relative to men. These findings suggest that men and women do not differ in their perceived quality of dyspnea during submaximal exercise, but subjective differences appear at maximal exercise and may be related, at least in part, to underlying sex differences in breathing patterns and operating lung volumes during exercise.

Spatial muscle activation patterns during different leg exercise protocols in physically active adults using muscle functional MRI: a systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 934-946
Author(s):  
Katherine Dooley ◽  
Suzanne J. Snodgrass ◽  
Peter Stanwell ◽  
Samantha Birse ◽  
Adrian Schultz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Lumbar Vertebra ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Muscle Activation Patterns ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Active Adults

An emerging method to measure muscle activation patterns is muscle functional magnetic resonance imaging (mfMRI), where preexercise and postexercise muscle metabolism differences indicate spatial muscle activation patterns. We evaluated studies employing mfMRI to determine activation patterns of lumbar or lower limb muscles following exercise in physically active adults. Electronic systematic searches were conducted until March 2020. All studies employing ≥1.5 Tesla MRI scanners to compare spatial muscle activation patterns at the level of or inferior to the first lumbar vertebra in healthy, active adults. Two authors independently assessed study eligibility before appraising methodological quality using a National Institutes of Health assessment tool. Because of heterogeneity, findings were synthesized without meta-analysis. Of the 1,946 studies identified, seven qualified for inclusion and pertained to hamstring ( n = 5), quadriceps ( n = 1) or extrinsic foot ( n = 1) muscles. All included studies controlled for internal validity, with one employing assessor blinding. MRI physics and differing research questions explain study methodology heterogeneity. Significant mfMRI findings were: following Nordic exercise, hamstrings with previous trauma (strain or surgical autograft harvest) demonstrated reduced activation compared with unharmed contralateral muscles, and asymptomatic individuals preferentially activated semitendinosus; greater biceps femoris long head to semitendinosus ratios reported following 45° hip extension over Nordic exercise; greater rectus femoris activation occurred in “flywheel” over barbell squats. mfMRI parameters differ on the basis of individual research questions. Individual muscles show greater activation following specific exercises, suggesting exercise specificity may be important for rehabilitation, although evidence is limited to single cohort studies comparing interlimb differences preexercise versus postexercise.

scholarly journals Use of satellite and modeled soil moisture data for predicting event soil loss at plot scale

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 3845-3856 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Todisco ◽  
L. Brocca ◽  
L. F. Termite ◽  
W. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Loss Estimation ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Soil Losses

Abstract. The potential of coupling soil moisture and a Universal Soil Loss Equation-based (USLE-based) model for event soil loss estimation at plot scale is carefully investigated at the Masse area, in central Italy. The derived model, named Soil Moisture for Erosion (SM4E), is applied by considering the unavailability of in situ soil moisture measurements, by using the data predicted by a soil water balance model (SWBM) and derived from satellite sensors, i.e., the Advanced SCATterometer (ASCAT). The soil loss estimation accuracy is validated using in situ measurements in which event observations at plot scale are available for the period 2008–2013. The results showed that including soil moisture observations in the event rainfall–runoff erosivity factor of the USLE enhances the capability of the model to account for variations in event soil losses, the soil moisture being an effective alternative to the estimated runoff, in the prediction of the event soil loss at Masse. The agreement between observed and estimated soil losses (through SM4E) is fairly satisfactory with a determination coefficient (log-scale) equal to ~ 0.35 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of ~ 2.8 Mg ha−1. These results are particularly significant for the operational estimation of soil losses. Indeed, currently, soil moisture is a relatively simple measurement at the field scale and remote sensing data are also widely available on a global scale. Through satellite data, there is the potential of applying the SM4E model for large-scale monitoring and quantification of the soil erosion process.

Age-related increase of CD45RO+ lymphocytes in physically active adults

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2704-2706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Gabriel ◽  
Barbara Schmitt ◽  
Wilfried Kindermann
Keyword(s):  
Physically Active ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Active Adults ◽  
Related Increase

Cardiac-Autonomic and Hemodynamic Responses to a Hypertonic, Sugar-Sweetened Sports Beverage in Physically Active Men

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Christiani ◽  
Gregory J Grosicki ◽  
Andrew A Flatt
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Hemodynamic Responses ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Overnight Fasting ◽  
Sports Beverage

Hydration practices may confound heart rate variability (HRV) measurements when collected in the pre-training period. We aimed to determine the effects of ingesting a hypertonic, sugar-sweetened sports beverage on HRV and hemodynamic parameters in physically active young men. Fifteen subjects consumed 591 ml of Gatorade (6% carbohydrate, ~330 mOsmol/kg), 591 ml water, or 10 ml water (control) in random order on separate days following overnight fasting. HRV and hemodynamics were evaluated in 5-min windows immediately before (T1) and 5-10 min (T2), 25-30 min (T3), 40-45 min (T4), and 55-60 min (T5) post-drinking. Root-mean square of successive differences and the standard deviation of normal RR intervals increased post-water intake at all time-points relative to T1 (P <0.05). No increases were observed post-Gatorade intake, though small effect sizes (ES) were noted at T2 and T3 (P >0.05, ES = 0.27 - 0.32). Systemic vascular resistance increased at T2 post-Gatorade intake and at T2 and T3 post-water intake (P <0.05). No interactions were observed for blood pressure measures, stroke volume, or cardiac output. Gatorade does not evoke cardiovascular adjustments to the same magnitude as water. Practitioners should wait at least 45 min to record HRV post-Gatorade intake and >60 min post-water intake. Key Findings: ● Equal volumes of cold water and Gatorade produce inequivalent cardiac-autonomic and hemodynamic responses. ● HRV responses of greater amplitude and duration were observed following intake of water versus Gatorade. ● Failure to account for recent fluid intake may result in misinterpretation of autonomic status.

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